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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System01:18

Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is an intricate network of nerves that controls functions such as the regulation of heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure regulation. When this system malfunctions, it can lead to various disorders that affect multiple bodily functions. One common feature of many autonomic disorders is the involvement of smooth blood vessels, which play a crucial role in regulating blood flow throughout the body.
Raynaud's disease, also known as Raynaud's phenomenon, is a...
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Restless Leg Syndrome and Night Terrors

Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS), also known as Willis-Ekbom disease, is a neurological disorder characterized by an uncontrollable urge to move the legs due to uncomfortable sensations. These sensations typically occur during periods of rest or inactivity, particularly when lying down or sitting, and can severely disrupt sleep.
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Disorders of the Nervous Tissue01:28

Disorders of the Nervous Tissue

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Panic Disorder01:27

Panic Disorder

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Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia nervosa is a complex and severe eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of weight gain, an unrelenting pursuit of thinness, and a distorted body image. It often leads to dangerously low body weight relative to an individual's age and height. This disorder is marked by significant physical and psychological consequences, making it one of the most life-threatening psychiatric illnesses.
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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Screening of Axonal Degeneration in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Using Ultrasonography and Nerve Conduction Studies
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Published on: January 11, 2019

The nutcracker syndrome.

Sridhar Venkatachalam1, Kelly Bumpus, Samir R Kapadia

  • 1Department of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.

Annals of Vascular Surgery
|March 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Nutcracker syndrome, or left renal vein compression, is a rare condition causing flank pain and hematuria. Diagnosis can be delayed, but treatment options like endovascular intervention are improving patient outcomes.

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

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Published on: July 31, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Vascular Surgery
  • Nephrology
  • Urology

Background:

  • Left renal vein (LRV) compression, known as nutcracker syndrome, is an infrequent condition.
  • It occurs when the LRV is compressed between the superior mesenteric artery and aorta, leading to renal venous hypertension.
  • Symptoms often include left flank pain and hematuria, predominantly in young adults and women.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and compile published adult cases of nutcracker syndrome.
  • To analyze diagnostic and treatment trends between 1980 and 2009.

Main Methods:

  • Tabular review of published case reports and small case series.
  • Focus on adult patients diagnosed between 1980 and 2009.

Main Results:

  • Nutcracker syndrome is often diagnosed after prolonged periods of non-specific symptoms.
  • Surgical repair was historically the standard, but endovascular interventions are now first-line therapy.
  • The condition affects young adults, with a slight female predominance, sometimes presenting with pelvic congestion.

Conclusions:

  • Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial for reducing morbidity.
  • Endovascular interventions represent a significant advancement in treating nutcracker syndrome.
  • Further research and awareness are needed for this often-overlooked condition.