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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...
Nuclear Fission02:50

Nuclear Fission

Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large number of different...
Nuclear Binding Energy02:13

Nuclear Binding Energy

The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect indicates a “loss” in mass of 4.0331 amu – 4.0026 amu = 0.0305 amu. The loss in mass accompanying the formation of an atom from protons, neutrons, and electrons is due to the conversion of that mass into energy that is evolved as the atom forms. The nuclear binding energy is the energy produced when the atoms’ nucleons are bound together;...
Nuclear Power02:36

Nuclear Power

Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by bombardment with neutrons has six components: nuclear fuel consisting of fissionable material, a nuclear moderator, a neutron source, control rods, reactor coolant, and a shield and containment system.
Nuclear Fuels
Nuclear fuel consists of a fissile isotope, such as uranium-235, which must be present in sufficient quantity to provide a...
Types of Radioactivity03:23

Types of Radioactivity

The most common types of radioactivity are α decay, β decay, γ decay, neutron emission, and electron capture.
Alpha (α) decay is the emission of an α particle from the nucleus. For example, polonium-210 undergoes α decay:
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis
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Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Published on: March 29, 2016

BINP accelerator based epithermal neutron source.

V Aleynik1, A Burdakov, V Davydenko

  • 1Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia.

Applied Radiation and Isotopes : Including Data, Instrumentation and Methods for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine
|March 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new facility for neutron capture therapy utilizes a compact accelerator to generate epithermal neutrons. This breakthrough enables advanced proton beam and neutron diagnostics for improved therapeutic applications.

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis
14:11

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Published on: March 29, 2016

High-Resolution Neutron Spectroscopy to Study Picosecond-Nanosecond Dynamics of Proteins and Hydration Water
08:48

High-Resolution Neutron Spectroscopy to Study Picosecond-Nanosecond Dynamics of Proteins and Hydration Water

Published on: April 28, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Physics
  • Medical Physics
  • Accelerator Technology

Background:

  • Neutron capture therapy (NCT) is an advanced cancer treatment modality.
  • The development of efficient neutron sources is crucial for NCT.
  • Existing facilities require significant upgrades or novel designs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe an innovative facility for neutron capture therapy built at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (BINP).
  • To detail the design and performance of a compact vacuum insulation tandem accelerator for proton beam generation.
  • To present the methodology and results of epithermal neutron generation for NCT.

Main Methods:

  • Construction of a compact vacuum insulation tandem accelerator capable of producing proton currents up to 10 mA.
  • Utilizing a lithium target bombarded by 1.915-2.5 MeV protons to generate epithermal neutrons via the (7)Li(p,n)(7)Be threshold reaction.
  • Development and application of diagnostic techniques for precise proton beam and neutron characterization.

Main Results:

  • Successful operation of the compact tandem accelerator with high proton current.
  • Demonstration of epithermal neutron generation using the (7)Li(p,n)(7)Be reaction at the specified proton energy range.
  • Validation of developed diagnostic techniques for proton beam transport and neutron flux measurement.

Conclusions:

  • The newly built facility at BINP is a significant advancement for neutron capture therapy.
  • The compact accelerator design and the (7)Li(p,n)(7)Be neutron generation method are effective.
  • Further experiments and optimization are planned to enhance the facility's capabilities for clinical applications.