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The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a rapamycin-insensitive companion...
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Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Isolation of Primary Mouse Hepatocytes for Nascent Protein Synthesis Analysis by Non-radioactive L-azidohomoalanine Labeling Method
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Published on: October 23, 2018

Interplay between FOXO, TOR, and Akt.

Nissim Hay1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60607, USA. nhay@uic.edu

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta
|March 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factors act as key regulators, coordinating the activities of Akt and targets of rapamycin complexes (TORCs). This review explores their regulatory roles and biological significance in aging and cancer.

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Utilizing a Comprehensive Immunoprecipitation Enrichment System to Identify an Endogenous Post-translational Modification Profile for Target Proteins
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Utilizing a Comprehensive Immunoprecipitation Enrichment System to Identify an Endogenous Post-translational Modification Profile for Target Proteins

Published on: January 8, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Signaling
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factors are crucial regulators of cellular processes.
  • Akt and targets of rapamycin complexes (TORCs) are central signaling pathways involved in cell growth, metabolism, and survival.
  • Dysregulation of these pathways is implicated in aging and cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the regulatory circuits mediated by FOXO transcription factor activation.
  • To elucidate how FOXO activation modulates the activities of Akt and TORCs.
  • To discuss the biological significance of these FOXO-mediated regulatory circuits in the context of cancer and aging.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on FOXO transcription factors, Akt, and TORCs.
  • Analysis of regulatory mechanisms connecting FOXO activation to Akt and TORC signaling.
  • Synthesis of information on the biological implications of these interactions.

Main Results:

  • FOXO factors act as rheostats, integrating signals to coordinate Akt and TORC activities.
  • Activation of FOXO influences downstream targets involved in stress resistance, metabolism, and apoptosis.
  • These regulatory circuits play a significant role in cellular responses to stress and in the pathogenesis of aging and cancer.

Conclusions:

  • FOXO transcription factors are critical nodes in cellular signaling networks.
  • Understanding FOXO-mediated regulation of Akt and TORCs provides insights into aging and cancer biology.
  • Targeting the P13K-AKT-FoxO axis holds potential for therapeutic interventions.