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Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning01:15

Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning not only includes the initial pairing of stimuli but also extends to more complex forms, such as higher-order conditioning. Higher-order conditioning involves creating associations beyond the primary conditioned stimulus, resulting in a chain of conditioned responses.
Higher-order, or second-order, conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an already established conditioned stimulus through repeated pairings. For instance, if a dog has been...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Drosophila Adult Olfactory Shock Learning
09:48

Drosophila Adult Olfactory Shock Learning

Published on: August 7, 2014

Second-order conditioning in Drosophila.

Christopher J Tabone1, J Steven de Belle

  • 1School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, USA.

Learning & Memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)
|March 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fruit flies demonstrate flexible learning through second-order conditioning. This method uses a learned cue (CS1) to reinforce a new cue (CS2), revealing new insights into fly behavior and memory.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Drosophila Adult Olfactory Shock Learning
09:48

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Published on: August 7, 2014

Drosophila Courtship Conditioning As a Measure of Learning and Memory
09:29

Drosophila Courtship Conditioning As a Measure of Learning and Memory

Published on: June 5, 2017

Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae
09:22

Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae

Published on: February 18, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Animal Behavior

Background:

  • Associative conditioning in Drosophila melanogaster is extensively studied.
  • Most research focuses on simple associations between conditioned stimuli (CS) and unconditioned stimuli (US).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a straightforward second-order conditioning (SOC) protocol in Drosophila.
  • To demonstrate the behavioral flexibility of flies using SOC.
  • To provide a new paradigm for studying learning and memory genes and neural networks.

Main Methods:

  • A second-order conditioning (SOC) protocol was developed.
  • In SOC, a previously conditioned stimulus (CS1) acts as a reinforcer for a second conditioned stimulus (CS2).

Main Results:

  • The SOC protocol effectively demonstrates associative learning in flies.
  • This higher-order learning paradigm highlights the adaptability of fly behavior.

Conclusions:

  • Second-order conditioning offers a novel approach to investigate Drosophila learning and memory.
  • This protocol can be used to reassess the function of known learning and memory genes and neuronal pathways.