Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 3, 2026
Adult and Pediatric Porcine Model of Acute Volume Overload
Published on: January 12, 2024
Respiratory systolic variation test in acutely impaired cardiac function for predicting volume responsiveness in pigs
V Eichhorn1, C Trepte, H P Richter
1Department of Anaesthesiology, Center of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hamburg-Eppendorf University Hospital, Martinistr. 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany. v.eichhorn@uke.de
Background:
Predicting the response of cardiac output (CO) to volume administration remains difficult, in particular in patients with acutely compromised cardiac function, where, even small amounts of i.v. fluids can lead to volume overload. We compared the ability to predict volume responsiveness of different functional haemodynamic parameters, such as pulse pressure variation (PPV), stroke volume variation (SVV), the static preload parameter right atrial pressure (RAP), and global end-diastolic volume (GEDV) with the recently proposed respiratory systolic variation test (RSVT) in acutely impaired cardiac function.
Methods:
In 13 mechanically ventilated pigs, cardiac function was acutely reduced by continuous application of verapamil to reach a decrease in peak change of left ventricular pressure over time (dP/dt) of 50%. After withdrawal of 20 ml kg(-1) BW blood to establish hypovolaemia, four volume loading steps of 7 ml kg(-1) BW using the shed blood and 6% hydroxyethylstarch 130/0.4 were performed. Volume responsiveness was considered as positive, if CO increased more than 10%.
Results:
Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.88 for the RSVT, 0.84 for PPV, 0.82 for SVV, 0.78 for RAP, and 0.77 for GEDV.
Conclusions:
Functional parameters of cardiac preload, including the RSVT, allow prediction of fluid responsiveness in an experimental model of acutely impaired cardiac function.
