Shape of, and body direction in, huddles of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) in Arashiyama, Japan

We studied huddles of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) in the Arashiyama E troop at the "Arashiyama Monkey Park, Iwatayama" of Kyoto, central Japan. The macaques made physical contact with other individuals and formed huddles when the air was cold. The 99-101 adult females and 26-36 adult males in the study troop formed 345 huddles during 42 scan samples in the winter of 2001 and 376 huddles during 52 scan samples in the winter of 2002. The average size of huddles was 2.3 (range 2-7) individuals. Males huddled less frequently than females. Maternal kin-related dyads formed 2-female huddles more frequently than unrelated dyads. Choice of huddling partners might restrict the size of huddles. The most frequently observed 3 and 4-member huddles were triangular and diamond-shaped. Macaques usually huddled ventro-ventrally, ventro-laterally, and ventro-dorsally. A third individual frequently placed the ventral part of its body against the first individual and simultaneously put the lateral part of its body against the second individual, so that the 3 individuals formed a triangular huddle. This behaviour indicates that Japanese macaques choose their position and body direction in the huddle to reduce the area of body surface exposed to the air, thereby conserving body heat.