Mitochondrial mutations in neuro-ophthalmological diseases. A review

Mutations in the genetic material of mitochondria have been described in patients with a range of neuro-ophthalmological and neuromuscular disorders. Many cases of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy are caused by a single point mutation, for example, and Kearns-Sayre syndrome, chronic external ophthalmoplegia, and other mitochondrial cytopathies are frequently associated with large-scale deletions of mitochondrial genes. A knowledge of the role of the mitochondrial genome and of the precise nature of these mutations is important in understanding the etiology of such diseases and is already leading to more effective therapy.