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Related Concept Videos

Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes police the peripheral tissues by removing cellular debris and responding to the invasion of foreign substances or pathogens. Many phagocytes attack and remove microorganisms even before lymphocytes detect them. The human body has two general...
Immunoglobulin-like Cell Adhesion Molecules01:31

Immunoglobulin-like Cell Adhesion Molecules

Immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules or Ig-CAMs are a versatile group of cell surface glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin protein superfamily. Ig-CAMs possess the characteristic immunoglobulin protein domains and other domains such as the fibronectin type III domain. The Ig domains are glycosylated to varying degrees in different Ig-CAMs.
Ig-CAMs exhibit either homophilic binding (to other Ig-CAMs) or heterophilic binding (to other ligands such as integrins). While most Ig-CAMs...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Natural Killer Cell Lytic Activity in Human Whole Blood
08:14

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Natural Killer Cell Lytic Activity in Human Whole Blood

Published on: March 17, 2017

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors and exercise.

Diana V Maltseva1, Dmitry A Sakharov, Evgeny A Tonevitsky

  • 1Department of Molecular Physiology, Russian Research Institute of Physical Education and Sport, Moscow, Russia.

Exercise Immunology Review
|March 31, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Exercise impacts health through immune cell modulation. Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) on natural killer (NK) cells are key, influencing disease and exercise

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Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans
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Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans

Published on: October 17, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Natural Killer Cell Lytic Activity in Human Whole Blood
08:14

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Natural Killer Cell Lytic Activity in Human Whole Blood

Published on: March 17, 2017

Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans
07:26

Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans

Published on: October 17, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Exercise exerts diverse effects on human health, both beneficial and detrimental.
  • The precise mechanisms linking exercise to health outcomes are not fully elucidated but involve immune cell modulation.
  • Natural killer (NK) cells, crucial for innate immunity against infections and tumors, are highly sensitive to exercise stress.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) in mediating the health effects of exercise.
  • To review the involvement of KIRs in various human diseases.
  • To discuss the impact of acute exercise on KIR gene expression.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on NK cells, KIRs, and exercise.
  • Analysis of the relationship between KIR variants, MHC class I, and disease susceptibility.
  • Examination of studies investigating acute exercise effects on KIR gene expression.

Main Results:

  • KIRs, which bind to MHC class I, are critical for NK cell function.
  • KIR and MHC class I combinations influence susceptibility to infections, autoimmune diseases, and pregnancy complications.
  • Emerging evidence suggests KIRs play a significant role in how physical activity affects human health.

Conclusions:

  • KIRs represent a potential link between exercise and health outcomes.
  • Understanding KIR gene expression in response to exercise may reveal new therapeutic targets.
  • Further research is warranted to fully elucidate the exercise-KIR-health axis.