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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Real-time Video Projection in an MRI for Characterization of Neural Correlates Associated with Mirror Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain

Real-time Video Projection in an MRI for Characterization of Neural Correlates Associated with Mirror Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain

Published on: April 20, 2019

21. Phantom pain.

Andre Wolff¹, Eric Vanduynhoven, Maarten van Kleef

¹Department of Anesthesiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

Pain Practice : the Official Journal of World Institute of Pain

|March 31, 2011

Summary

Phantom limb pain, affecting 60-80% of amputees, is nerve pain often accompanied by stump pain. Treatments include medications, with advanced options like spinal cord stimulation considered when conservative methods fail.

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Real-time Video Projection in an MRI for Characterization of Neural Correlates Associated with Mirror Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain

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Published on: July 7, 2023

Area of Science:

Neurology
Pain Medicine

Background:

Phantom limb pain (PLP) results from nerve signal interruption after amputation or deafferentation.
Incidence of PLP ranges from 60% to 80%, frequently co-occurring with stump pain.
PLP can manifest in various body parts, including post-mastectomy or post-enucleation.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the incidence, characteristics, and therapeutic approaches for phantom limb pain.
To evaluate the efficacy of conservative and interventional treatments for PLP.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on phantom limb pain mechanisms and treatments.
Analysis of conservative (pharmacological) and interventional (neuromodulation) therapies.

Main Results:

Conservative treatments involving amitriptyline, tramadol, carbamazepine, ketamine, or morphine show some expected effect.
Interventional therapies like pulsed radiofrequency or spinal cord stimulation are considered when conservative treatments fail, though evidence is limited (evidence score 0).

Conclusions:

Both peripheral and central neuronal mechanisms are implicated in PLP.
Pharmacological treatments offer some benefit for phantom limb pain.
Advanced treatments require further investigation within study designs.