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Bioreactor Controls-II

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In aerobic fermentations, oxygen is vital for microbial growth and metabolite production. Since air comprises only about 20% oxygen and the gas is poorly soluble in water—just 9 ppm at 20°C—supplying sufficient oxygen becomes a critical challenge, especially in high-demand processes like yeast growth or citric acid production. Even a fully saturated broth may offer only a few seconds of oxygen availability.To address this, sterile or scrubbed air is introduced into the fermentor via a sparger...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Ex Vivo Perfusion Culture of Large Blood Vessels in a 3D Printed Bioreactor

Ex Vivo Perfusion Culture of Large Blood Vessels in a 3D Printed Bioreactor

Published on: July 28, 2023

Optimizing the medium perfusion rate in bone tissue engineering bioreactors.

Warren L Grayson¹, Darja Marolt, Sarindr Bhumiratana

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.

Biotechnology and Bioengineering

|March 31, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Optimizing flow velocity in perfusion bioreactors is key for developing larger bone grafts. Flow rates between 400-800 µm/s best promote osteogenic responses in engineered bone tissue.

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Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Tissue Engineering
Regenerative Medicine

Background:

A critical need exists to scale up in vitro cultured bone grafts for regenerative medicine applications.
Perfusion bioreactors enhance nutrient/gas transfer and reduce size limitations compared to static cultures.
Hydrodynamic shear in bioreactors can modulate cellular responses.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of medium flow velocity on cellular phenotype and bone-like tissue formation in 3D engineered constructs.
To determine optimal flow conditions for osteogenic differentiation and matrix production.

Main Methods:

Utilized custom perfusion bioreactors to culture bone constructs for 5 weeks.
Applied a range of superficial flow velocities (80–1,800 µm/s), corresponding to shear stresses of 0.6–20 mPa.
Employed mathematical modeling to assess oxygen levels and cell viability.

Main Results:

Increasing flow velocity significantly altered cell morphology, cell-cell interactions, matrix production, and osteogenic gene expression.
Flow velocities of 400–800 µm/s demonstrated the most favorable osteogenic responses.
Sufficient oxygenation for cell viability was observed even at the lowest flow rate (80 µm/s), but tissue development was inadequate.

Conclusions:

Flow velocity is a critical parameter influencing cellular behavior and tissue development in engineered bone.
Optimal flow rates (400–800 µm/s) are necessary to promote robust osteogenic responses and bone-like tissue formation.
A comprehensive evaluation of multiple parameters is essential for assessing the quality of engineered bone constructs.