Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Acute Respiratory Failure-II01:21

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:
Acute Respiratory Failure-IV01:23

Acute Respiratory Failure-IV

Respiratory failure can manifest suddenly or gradually, characterized by a rapid decline in PaO2 and a rapid rise in PaCO2. This situation indicates a severe respiratory problem that may quickly become a life-threatening emergency. One of the early signs of hypoxemic Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF) is a change in mental status due to the brain's sensitivity to oxygen levels and changes in acid-base balance. Symptoms such as restlessness, confusion, and agitation suggest inadequate oxygen...
Acute Respiratory Failure-III01:30

Acute Respiratory Failure-III

Hypercapnic respiratory failure, also known as Type 2 or ventilatory respiratory failure, is a severe condition characterized by the body's inability to effectively remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream. It leads to an arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) exceeding 45 mmHg and a blood pH above 7.35. This situation indicates that the body's ventilatory demand, or the ventilation needed to maintain normal PaCO2 levels, surpasses its supply or the maximum gas flow achievable without causing...
Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...
Alterations in Respiration II01:30

Alterations in Respiration II

There are numerous types of normal and abnormal respiration. Based on ventilatory movements, breathing patterns are classified as regular, deep, or shallow. Examples include Biot's breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Kussmaul's breathing, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. Each pattern is clinically significant and aids in evaluating patients.
In Biot's breathing, the respiratory rate and depth are irregular, alternating between periods of deep gasping and apnea. Common causes include...
Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation01:25

Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation

Hyperventilation refers to a higher-than-normal rate and depth of breathing, often associated with anxiety attacks. This excessive breathing surpasses the body's need to expel CO2, leading to a condition known as hypocapnia - an unusually low level of carbon dioxide in the blood. Hypocapnia can constrict cerebral blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the brain, which may result in dizziness or fainting. Early signs include tingling and muscle spasms in the hands and face, caused by falling...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Transbronchial cryobiopsy is safe for patients with echocardiographic evidence of pulmonary hypertension: a blinded prospective cohort study.

Frontiers in medicine·2026
Same author

Percutaneous Edge-to-Edge Repair of Atrioventricular Valves in Congenital Heart Disease: A Multicenter Clinical Experience.

JACC. Advances·2025
Same author

A TAVI Programme Without an On-Site Cardiac Surgery Department: A Single-Center Retrospective Study.

Journal of clinical medicine·2025
Same author

3D Electroanatomical Mapping for Complex Atrial Arrhythmias in Adult Congenital Heart Disease-A Single Center Experience.

Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE·2025
Same author

Long Term Efficacy and Safety of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Adult Congenital Heart Disease Patients: A Single Center Cohort Study.

The American journal of cardiology·2025
Same author

Pregnancy and cardiovascular outcomes among patients post Fontan surgery: a 25-year single-centre retrospective cohort study.

Open heart·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Delivery of In Vivo Acute Intermittent Hypoxia in Neonatal Rodents to Prime Subventricular Zone-derived Neural Progenitor Cell Cultures
05:45

Delivery of In Vivo Acute Intermittent Hypoxia in Neonatal Rodents to Prime Subventricular Zone-derived Neural Progenitor Cell Cultures

Published on: November 2, 2015

[Posture-dependent refractory hypoxemia].

Shabtai Varsano1, Yoram Neuman, Rafael Hirsch

  • 1Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Meir Medical Center Kfar Saba and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel. VARSANOS@clalit.org.il

Harefuah
|April 1, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Patent foramen ovale can cause severe hypoxemia through a right-to-left shunt. Percutaneous closure of this interatrial shunt effectively resolved hypoxemia and improved quality of life in two patients.

More Related Videos

Experimental Approach to Examine Leptin Signaling in the Carotid Bodies and its Effects on Control of Breathing
05:45

Experimental Approach to Examine Leptin Signaling in the Carotid Bodies and its Effects on Control of Breathing

Published on: October 25, 2019

A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
09:54

A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans

Published on: December 22, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Delivery of In Vivo Acute Intermittent Hypoxia in Neonatal Rodents to Prime Subventricular Zone-derived Neural Progenitor Cell Cultures
05:45

Delivery of In Vivo Acute Intermittent Hypoxia in Neonatal Rodents to Prime Subventricular Zone-derived Neural Progenitor Cell Cultures

Published on: November 2, 2015

Experimental Approach to Examine Leptin Signaling in the Carotid Bodies and its Effects on Control of Breathing
05:45

Experimental Approach to Examine Leptin Signaling in the Carotid Bodies and its Effects on Control of Breathing

Published on: October 25, 2019

A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
09:54

A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans

Published on: December 22, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Pulmonology
  • Medical Devices

Background:

  • Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is common, but right-to-left interatrial shunting causing severe hypoxemia without pulmonary hypertension is rare.
  • Severe hypoxemia refractory to oxygen therapy necessitates investigation for underlying causes beyond typical respiratory conditions.

Observation:

  • Two patients presented with severe, unexplained hypoxemia. One developed it post-pneumonectomy, the other after a fall, with posture-dependent oxygen desaturation.
  • Initial transthoracic Doppler echocardiography was inconclusive. A 100% oxygen challenge indicated a significant right-to-left shunt.

Findings:

  • Intravenous agitated saline injection via Doppler echocardiography confirmed a right-to-left interatrial shunt in both patients, despite normal pulmonary artery pressures.
  • Right heart catheterization ruled out pulmonary arterial hypertension. Percutaneous closure using an Amplatzer device was successful in both cases.

Implications:

  • This case series highlights the importance of considering platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome and PFO in refractory hypoxemia, especially when posture-related.
  • Percutaneous closure of interatrial shunts offers a minimally invasive and effective treatment, rapidly improving oxygenation and quality of life.