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Trachea

Trachea

The trachea, commonly known as the windpipe, is a vital part of the human respiratory system. It serves as a passageway for air to travel between the larynx and the bronchi, allowing oxygen to reach the lungs. Let's explore its anatomical features, dimensions, layers of the tracheal wall, associated muscles, and the functions of its parts.
Anatomical Features:
Location: About half of the trachea is situated in the neck, anterior to the esophagus, and extends from the larynx (at the level of the...

Tracheostomy: Procedure and Tubes

Tracheostomy: Procedure and Tubes

A tracheostomy is a surgical procedure that creates an artificial opening into the trachea, typically at the second or third cartilaginous ring level. This opening allows the insertion of a tracheostomy tube, which can replace an endotracheal tube, provide mechanical ventilation, bypass an upper airway obstruction, or remove accumulated tracheobronchial secretions.
Tracheostomy tubes can be made of semiflexible plastic (polyurethane or silicone), rigid plastic, or metal, and they come in...

Tracheostomy Decannulation

Tracheostomy Decannulation

Tracheostomy decannulation is a significant milestone in the liberation of mechanically ventilated patients. Despite its importance, there is no universally accepted protocol for this procedure. This demands an evidence-based, individualized approach.
Description of the Procedure
Decannulation refers to the permanent removal of the tracheostomy tube, signaling the resolution of the condition that initially necessitated the tracheostomy. The process requires a well-coordinated interplay between...

Oxygen Delivering System III: Tracheostomy and T-piece

Oxygen Delivering System III: Tracheostomy and T-piece

Oxygen delivery is critical in clinical care, especially for patients with respiratory disorders or those undergoing surgical procedures. Various systems, such as tracheostomy and the T-piece, deliver oxygen to the lungs, ensuring adequate arterial oxygenation.
Tracheostomy
A tracheostomy is a surgically created opening (stoma) in the anterior part of the trachea. It is used to establish a patient airway, bypass an upper airway obstruction, simplify the removal of secretions, permit long-term...

Tracheostomy Care I: Pre-procedural Steps

Tracheostomy Care I: Pre-procedural Steps

A tracheostomy is a surgical technique that involves making an incision in the neck to provide access to the trachea. It is frequently used in medical conditions such as airway obstruction and prolonged mechanical ventilation. Effective nursing management is crucial for the long-term success of a tracheostomy.
Required Equipment
The equipment necessary for tracheostomy care includes:

Tracheostomy Care II: Procedure

Tracheostomy Care II: Procedure

Tracheostomy care is an essential nursing skill that involves cleaning and maintaining a tracheostomy tube to prevent infection and other complications. Here's a step-by-step guide explaining each procedure with its rationale. Note that disposable gloves are to be worn at all times and changed as often as needed to maintain a sterile work environment, and to protect both patient and healthcare worker.
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene, and put on personal protective equipment: gown, gloves, mask and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

Published on: September 20, 2024

Post-thyroidectomy tracheomalacia: minimal risk despite significant tracheal compression.

J M Findlay¹, G P Sadler, H Bridge

¹Department of Surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.

British Journal of Anaesthesia

|April 1, 2011

Summary

Tracheomalacia risk is minimal following goitre surgery, even with significant tracheal compression. Modern thyroid surgery in specialized units appears safe for these high-risk patients.

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Published on: October 24, 2025

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Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

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Identification and Protection of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve during Transoral Robotic Thyroidectomy

Identification and Protection of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve during Transoral Robotic Thyroidectomy

Published on: October 24, 2025

Area of Science:

Otolaryngology
Endocrinology
Thoracic Surgery

Background:

Tracheomalacia is a rare but serious complication of goitre surgery.
Estimating the contemporary risk in patients with significant tracheal compression is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess the incidence of tracheomalacia in patients undergoing thyroidectomy for goitres causing substantial tracheal compression.

Main Methods:

Retrospective review of thyroidectomies in a UK tertiary center over 30 months.
Collected data included anesthetic, operative, radiological, and pathological information.
Analyzed preoperative CT scans for tracheal compression severity.

Main Results:

334 thyroidectomies were reviewed; 62 patients (19%) had significant tracheal compression.
Critical compression (<5 mm) occurred in 18 patients (6%).
Zero cases of tracheomalacia were observed (95% CI: 0.0-4.8%).

Conclusions:

No tracheomalacia was found in high-risk patients with significant tracheal compression.
Modern thyroid surgery poses a minimal risk of tracheomalacia.
Multispecialty support is recommended for managing these patients.