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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
05:39

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Published on: February 3, 2023

Papillary thyroid carcinoma: an update.

Virginia A LiVolsi1

  • 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. linus@mail.med.upenn.edu

Modern Pathology : an Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc
|April 2, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent advances in diagnosing papillary thyroid carcinoma have improved early detection but also introduced diagnostic and therapeutic controversies. This review focuses on the pathological aspects influencing tumor biology and prognosis.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pathology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The last 20 years have yielded significant progress in understanding papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) origins and biology.
  • Developments include molecular biology insights, clinicopathologic studies, improved fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) techniques, and advanced radiologic imaging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review key pathological aspects of papillary thyroid carcinoma.
  • To discuss how these pathological features influence PTC biology and patient prognosis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on pathological aspects of papillary thyroid carcinoma.
  • Analysis of recent advancements in molecular biology, diagnostics, and imaging related to PTC.
  • Synthesis of clinicopathologic findings impacting diagnosis and therapy.

Main Results:

  • Earlier diagnosis of papillary thyroid tumors is now more feasible due to technological and methodological advances.
  • These advancements have simultaneously generated debates regarding cytologic and histopathologic diagnoses.
  • Controversies also extend to therapeutic decision-making for papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Conclusions:

  • Pathological features are critical determinants of papillary thyroid carcinoma's biological behavior.
  • Understanding these aspects is essential for refining diagnostic criteria and therapeutic strategies.
  • Further research into pathological characteristics will improve patient outcomes for papillary thyroid carcinoma.