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Cells and Secretions of the Pancreas

Cells and Secretions of the Pancreas

The pancreas, a vital organ within the abdominal cavity, plays dual roles in the digestive and endocrine systems, collaborating with exocrine and endocrine cells to maintain optimal digestion and blood sugar levels.
Exocrine function is carried out by acinar cells, organized into clusters known as acini. These cells contribute to digestion by releasing substantial quantities of enzyme-rich, alkaline digestive juices.
Concurrently, the dispersed clusters of endocrine cells throughout the...

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which occurs when the immune system becomes active and causes swelling, pain, and disruptions in organ function. Pancreatitis can manifest as either an acute or chronic condition.
Acute pancreatitis arises suddenly and lasts for a brief duration, while chronic pancreatitis is a long-term affliction...

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Chronic pancreatitis is a long-standing, relapsing inflammation of the pancreas, characterized by irreversible damage to the gland. It results in progressive destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma, fibrosis, and eventual loss of both exocrine and endocrine function. The disease may evolve gradually after multiple episodes of acute pancreatitis or develop independently.EtiologyChronic pancreatitis can arise from a variety of causes:Alcohol use is the leading cause, accounting for 70–80% of...

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are co-secreted in...

Pancreas

Pancreas

The pancreas, an essential organ in the human body, is a pinkish-gray elongated structure located posterior to the stomach. It extends laterally from the duodenum towards the spleen and is firmly bound to the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity. The organ's surface has a lumpy, lobular texture that gives it a unique appearance.
The broad head of the pancreas lies within the loop formed by the duodenum, while its slender body reaches towards the spleen. The tail of the pancreas is short and...

Acute Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology

Acute Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis centers on injury to pancreatic acinar cells, which initiates a cascade of harmful intracellular events.This injury leads to premature activation of trypsinogen to trypsin in the pancreas. Trypsin then activates other digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsin, elastase, and phospholipase A2, which begin breaking down pancreatic tissue. The resulting autodigestion causes local inflammation, tissue swelling, hemorrhage, and fat necrosis.Injured acinar cells...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Single-cell Transcriptomic Analyses of Mouse Pancreatic Endocrine Cells

Single-cell Transcriptomic Analyses of Mouse Pancreatic Endocrine Cells

Published on: September 30, 2018

Pancreatic endocrine tumors.

¹Department of Pathology and Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. sylvia.asa@uhn.on.ca

Modern Pathology : an Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc

|April 2, 2011

Summary

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) from the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract present diagnostic challenges. This review covers their classification, immunohistochemistry, molecular biology, and therapeutic targets, emphasizing pathology's role in prognostic markers.

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Single-cell Transcriptomic Analyses of Mouse Pancreatic Endocrine Cells

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Gastroenterology
Oncology
Pathology

Background:

Pancreatic and gastrointestinal endocrine cells give rise to neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), which are diagnostically challenging.
Significant advancements have been made in understanding the histogenesis, morphology, immunohistochemistry, molecular biology, and classification of these tumors.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current knowledge on neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract.
To focus on nomenclature, classification, immunohistochemistry, molecular advances, genetic predisposition, and therapeutic targets.
To define pathology's role in prognostic and predictive markers for NETs.

Main Methods:

Literature review focusing on recent advancements in neuroendocrine tumor (NET) research.
Synthesis of information regarding nomenclature, classification systems, and diagnostic techniques.
Analysis of molecular biology, genetic predispositions, and therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

Progress in understanding NET histogenesis, morphology, and molecular profiles.
Established role of immunohistochemistry in NET diagnosis and classification.
Identification of key molecular alterations and genetic syndromes associated with NETs.

Conclusions:

Accurate classification and understanding of NETs are crucial for diagnosis and treatment.
Immunohistochemistry and molecular pathology are essential tools for prognostic and predictive marker application.
Further research into therapeutic targets holds promise for improved patient outcomes.