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Related Concept Videos

Caspases01:24

Caspases

Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside cells.
The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
Role of Matrix Metalloproteases in Degradation of ECM01:23

Role of Matrix Metalloproteases in Degradation of ECM

Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) are enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of proteins and glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix. MMPs are essential for the migration and proliferation of cells through the dense matrix network, throughout embryonic development, and throughout morphogenesis. The first MMP activity discovered was a collagenase in a tadpole's tail undergoing metamorphosis. The active collagen deposition and modifications lead to the morphogenesis of tadpoles into the adult body.
A...

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Exploring Caspase Mutations and Post-Translational Modification by Molecular Modeling Approaches
05:56

Exploring Caspase Mutations and Post-Translational Modification by Molecular Modeling Approaches

Published on: October 13, 2022

Caspase substrates and cellular remodeling.

Emily D Crawford1, James A Wells

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-2330, USA. Emily.Crawford@ucsf.edu

Annual Review of Biochemistry
|April 5, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Caspases are proteases crucial for apoptosis and cellular remodeling. This study explores caspase substrates, cleavage mechanisms, and their medical relevance, highlighting ongoing research areas.

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Published on: March 24, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Caspases are key proteases involved in apoptosis and cellular remodeling.
  • Understanding caspase substrates is vital for deciphering their functional roles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on caspase-mediated protein cleavage.
  • To explore the functional impacts and medical relevance of caspase substrates.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on caspase biology and substrate discovery.
  • Discussion of high-throughput technologies for identifying caspase substrates.
  • Analysis of conserved caspase recognition motifs and cleavage patterns.

Main Results:

  • Caspase cleavage impacts various cellular processes beyond apoptosis, including differentiation.
  • High-throughput methods have expanded the known repertoire of caspase substrates.
  • Conserved mechanisms govern substrate recognition across metazoans.

Conclusions:

  • Caspase substrates play significant roles in cellular functions and disease.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the scope of caspase activity and its therapeutic potential.