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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Yellow Fever01:18

Yellow Fever

Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV), a member of the Flaviviridae family. It is transmitted primarily by Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and South America. After transmission through a mosquito bite, the virus initially replicates in skin-resident immune cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages. These cells then migrate to the lymph nodes, where viral replication increases, eventually leading to...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Clinical presentation of hepatitis E.

Rakesh Aggarwal1

  • 1Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India. aggarwal.ra@gmail.com

Virus Research
|April 5, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes acute hepatitis, often self-limiting but severe in pregnant women. Emerging cases in developed nations include chronic HEV in transplant recipients and atypical non-hepatic symptoms.

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Surface Functionalization of Hepatitis E Virus Nanoparticles Using Chemical Conjugation Methods
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Surface Functionalization of Hepatitis E Virus Nanoparticles Using Chemical Conjugation Methods

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
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A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Surface Functionalization of Hepatitis E Virus Nanoparticles Using Chemical Conjugation Methods
09:12

Surface Functionalization of Hepatitis E Virus Nanoparticles Using Chemical Conjugation Methods

Published on: May 11, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Virology

Background:

  • Hepatitis E is an acute liver inflammation caused by the Hepatitis E virus (HEV).
  • Transmission primarily occurs via the fecal-oral route, leading to endemic outbreaks in developing countries.
  • While usually self-limiting, HEV infection can cause acute liver failure, especially in pregnant women and those with chronic liver disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and emerging trends of Hepatitis E.
  • To highlight the risks associated with HEV infection in specific populations, including pregnant women and immunosuppressed individuals.
  • To discuss the increasing reports of locally acquired Hepatitis E in developed countries and its varied presentations.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of Hepatitis E epidemiology and clinical studies.
  • Analysis of reported cases from endemic and non-endemic regions.
  • Synthesis of information on HEV transmission, disease progression, and associated complications.

Main Results:

  • HEV infection is endemic in developing countries, causing outbreaks and sporadic cases.
  • Severe outcomes include acute liver failure, particularly in pregnant women and those with pre-existing liver conditions.
  • Developed countries report increasing locally acquired cases, including chronic HEV in transplant recipients and atypical non-hepatic manifestations.

Conclusions:

  • Hepatitis E presents a significant public health concern globally, with diverse clinical outcomes.
  • Increased surveillance and awareness are crucial, especially in developed nations experiencing HEV emergence.
  • Further research is needed to understand the pathogenesis of non-hepatic manifestations and optimize management strategies.