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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology01:24

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to structural...
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells
09:02

Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells

Published on: June 5, 2020

[Occult hepatitis C virus infection].

Vicente Carreño García1, Javier Bartolomé Nebreda, Inmaculada Castillo Aguilar

  • 1Fundación para el Estudio de las Hepatitis Virales, Madrid, España. fehvhpa@fehv.org

Enfermedades Infecciosas Y Microbiologia Clinica
|April 5, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Occult hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection can now be diagnosed in over 90% of patients without liver biopsy. New methods detect HCV-RNA in blood and antibodies, aiding diagnosis in various patient groups.

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Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection
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"Liver-on-a-Chip" Cultures of Primary Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells for Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Published on: February 19, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells
09:02

Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells

Published on: June 5, 2020

Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection
11:14

Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection

Published on: November 7, 2018

"Liver-on-a-Chip" Cultures of Primary Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells for Hepatitis B Virus Infection
10:25

"Liver-on-a-Chip" Cultures of Primary Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells for Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Published on: February 19, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Context:

  • Occult hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection presents diagnostic challenges, often requiring liver biopsy.
  • Conventional serological and virological tests may fail to detect HCV in certain cases.
  • This infection is found in specific risk groups and individuals with liver disease.

Purpose:

  • To describe novel diagnostic approaches for occult HCV infection.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of new serological and virological assays.
  • To assess the prevalence and clinical significance of occult HCV.

Summary:

  • Occult HCV is defined by HCV-RNA in the liver, with negative anti-HCV and serum HCV-RNA by conventional methods.
  • New enzyme immunoassays for core protein antibodies and HCV-RNA detection in PBMCs and concentrated serum enable diagnosis in >90% of cases without biopsy.
  • Histological damage varies from minimal to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, generally less severe than classical chronic hepatitis C.
  • Occult HCV infection is prevalent in hemodialysis patients and family contacts, and in individuals without liver disease evidence.

Impact:

  • Improved diagnostic capabilities for occult HCV infection, reducing the need for invasive liver biopsies.
  • Enhanced detection of HCV in at-risk populations, potentially leading to earlier intervention.
  • Better understanding of the spectrum of liver damage and clinical outcomes associated with occult HCV.