Human sparganosis in Thailand: an overview

Area of Science:

• Parasitology
• Infectious Diseases
• Public Health

Background:

• Human sparganosis is caused by Spirometra cestode larvae.
• Infection occurs via ingestion of infected intermediate hosts (copepods, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals).
• Geographic distribution includes East Asia and sporadically other Asian countries like Thailand.

Purpose of the Study:

• To analyze reported cases of human sparganosis in Thailand from 1943-2010.
• To understand the epidemiological characteristics and clinical manifestations of sparganosis in Thailand.
• To investigate the role of traditional practices in sparganosis transmission.

Main Methods:

• Retrospective analysis of 52 reported sparganosis cases in Thailand (1943-2010).
• Review of patient demographics, geographic distribution, and clinical presentations.
• Examination of potential transmission routes, including foodborne and traditional medicine use.

Main Results:

• 52 cases reported in Thailand between 1943-2010, with an average patient age of 32.
• Prevalence higher in females (2:1 ratio) and concentrated in northeastern, northern, and central regions.
• Subcutaneous nodular lesions were most common; ocular lesions occurred in about one-third of cases, particularly pre-1990.
• Traditional use of frog muscle poultices for sore eyes was identified as a transmission route.

Conclusions:

• Sparganosis in Thailand presents with diverse clinical features, notably subcutaneous and ocular lesions.
• Transmission is linked to both dietary habits and cultural practices, such as using frog poultices.
• Public health awareness and education are crucial to prevent infection, especially concerning traditional remedies.