Acute antibody-mediated rejection in paediatric renal transplant recipients

Acute antibody-mediated rejections (aAMR) after renal transplantation are defined by rapidly deteriorating graft function, detection of donor-specific antibodies (DSA) and characteristic histological features. In adults, anti-rejection strategies comprise intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), steroid pulses, plasmapheresis and rituximab. Data of children with aAMR are scarce. We report four episodes of aAMR in three children (aged 10, 10 and 11 years respectively) occurring early after renal transplantation. Pre-transplant complement-dependent cytotoxicity crossmatches were negative; in the case of re-transplantation repeated antigens were excluded. Basic immunosuppression comprised cyclosporine A, MMF and steroids. All four rejection episodes were histologically proven and associated with acute renal failure. De novo DSAs were detected in two aAMRs; one patient was additionally tested positive for AT1-receptor antibodies. All aAMRs were treated with steroid pulses, tacrolimus, MMF, IVIG, plasmapheresis and one single dose of rituximab. Despite therapy one graft was lost; in the remaining three cases kidney function re-established within 1-8 weeks. At follow-up, 14, 15 and 22 months' post-rejection their GFRs were 65, 88 and 105 ml/min/1.73 m(2) respectively. A combined therapy of steroid pulses, IVIG, plasmapheresis and rituximab is potentially effective in the treatment of aAMR in children.