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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Association01:28

Ionic Association

The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.
Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...
Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...
Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

Ions as Acids and Bases

Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...

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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Cation/anion associations in ionic liquids modulated by hydration and ionic medium.

Jianbo Hou1, Zhiyang Zhang, Louis A Madsen

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
|April 6, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Ionic liquids (ILs) show unique properties influenced by water content and their environment. Ion diffusion in ILs changes with hydration, revealing complex aggregation behaviors crucial for battery and actuator applications.

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Vibrational Spectra of a N719-Chromophore/Titania Interface from Empirical-Potential Molecular-Dynamics Simulation, Solvated by a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid

Published on: January 25, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Ionic liquids (ILs) possess unique solvation and conduction properties.
  • Understanding interionic associations in ILs is key to their application.
  • Hydration level and ionic medium significantly modulate IL behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how hydration and ionic medium affect interionic associations in ILs.
  • To measure cation and anion diffusion coefficients to understand ionic aggregation.
  • To explore IL behavior within ionic polymer membranes.

Main Methods:

  • Pulsed-field-gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (PFG-NMR) spectroscopy for precise diffusion coefficient measurement.
  • Analysis of cation and anion diffusion coefficients to infer ionic aggregation states.
  • In-situ studies of ILs within ionic polymer membranes.

Main Results:

  • Diffusion coefficient ratios of cations to anions in ILs reverse with increasing hydration.
  • At low hydration within membranes, cations diffuse significantly faster, indicating anionic aggregates.
  • At high hydration within membranes, anions diffuse faster than cations, suggesting isolated anions.

Conclusions:

  • Hydration and the surrounding ionic medium critically alter IL interionic associations and diffusion.
  • Anionic aggregates form at low hydration, while isolated anions dominate at high hydration within polymer matrices.
  • These findings offer quantitative insights for designing IL-based electrolytes for batteries and artificial muscles.