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Related Concept Videos

Production of Alcohol01:27

Production of Alcohol

Continuous fermentation is a key strategy in industrial ethanol production, particularly when efficiency, scalability, and high yields are essential. This approach allows for uninterrupted operation and optimized resource utilization. The primary feedstock, corn starch, undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis facilitated by α-amylase and glucoamylase. These enzymes break down the starch into fermentable sugars such as glucose, which are readily assimilated by fermentative microorganisms.Fermentation...
Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes02:35

Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes

In a dehydration reaction, a hydroxyl group in an alcohol is eliminated along with the hydrogen from an adjacent carbon. Here, the products are an alkene and a molecule of water. Dehydration of alcohols is generally achieved by heating in the presence of an acid catalyst. While the dehydration of primary alcohols requires high temperatures and acid concentrations, secondary and tertiary alcohols can lose a water molecule under relatively mild conditions.
CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine01:27

CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine

Ethanol, a clear colorless alcohol, has been consumed by humans for millennia, but its effects on the body are far from benign. At lower doses, it induces decreased inhibitions and loquaciousness, leading to its social appeal. However, it can cause severe consequences at higher doses, such as coma and respiratory depression, due to its zero-order elimination kinetics. Chronic ethanol abuse wreaks havoc on multiple organ systems, particularly the CNS and the liver. Abrupt cessation of ethanol...
Protection of Alcohols02:31

Protection of Alcohols

This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
Protection
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role...
Microbes in Beverage Production01:25

Microbes in Beverage Production

Alcoholic beverages such as wine, beer, and spirits are the products of microbial fermentation processes that transform simple sugars into ethanol and a wide array of complex flavor compounds. These transformations rely on the metabolic activities of specific yeasts and bacteria, which are selected and controlled to yield the desired beverage characteristics.Wine Fermentation and MaturationWine production begins with the crushing of grapes to release juice and pulp, forming a must that is...
Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions02:15

Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

Overview
The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Murine Drinking Models in the Development of Pharmacotherapies for Alcoholism: Drinking in the Dark and Two-bottle Choice
07:31

Murine Drinking Models in the Development of Pharmacotherapies for Alcoholism: Drinking in the Dark and Two-bottle Choice

Published on: January 7, 2019

Surrogate alcohol drinking in Estonia.

Kersti Pärna1, David A Leon

  • 1Department of Public Health, University of Tartu, Estonia. kersti.parna@ut.ee

Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research
|April 6, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Surrogate alcohol consumption is prevalent in Estonia, particularly among men. This behavior varies significantly by ethnicity and education level, highlighting a public health concern.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Substance Abuse Research

Background:

  • Surrogate alcohols, cheap sources of ethanol, are linked to premature mortality.
  • Understanding surrogate alcohol consumption is crucial for public health strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate the prevalence of surrogate alcohol consumption in Estonia.
  • To identify demographic factors associated with surrogate drinking.

Main Methods:

  • Nationally representative Estonian Health Interview Survey (2006-2007) with 6,370 participants (aged 15-84).
  • Logistic regression analysis to assess associations of age, ethnicity, and education with surrogate drinking.
  • Age-standardized prevalence rates were calculated.

Main Results:

  • 1.4% of lifetime drinkers reported surrogate alcohol consumption in the past 4 weeks (2.3% men, 0.3% women).
  • Non-Estonian men had a 2.58 times higher odds of surrogate drinking compared to Estonian men.
  • Lower education levels were associated with significantly higher odds of surrogate drinking.

Conclusions:

  • Surrogate alcohol consumption is a reality in Estonia, predominantly among men.
  • Prevalence varies significantly by ethnicity and educational attainment.
  • Addressing surrogate alcohol use is essential for reducing alcohol-related harm in Estonia.