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Interventional cardiology for the criticalist.

Brian A Scansen1

  • 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. brian.scansen@cvm.osu.edu

Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care (San Antonio, Tex. : 2001)
|April 6, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This review covers emergency cardiovascular interventions in small animals, including pericardial effusion, bradycardia, and heartworm-induced caval syndrome. Prognoses vary from favorable for pacing to grave for untreated caval syndrome.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Cardiology
  • Emergency Medicine
  • Small Animal Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Common cardiovascular emergencies in small animals include pericardial effusion, symptomatic bradycardia, and heartworm-induced caval syndrome.
  • Pericardial effusion often stems from neoplasia, idiopathic pericarditis, or heart failure.
  • Caval syndrome involves severe heartworm infestation leading to obstruction and hemolysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the indications, procedures, and prognoses for critical cardiovascular emergencies in small animals.
  • To provide a comprehensive overview of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for these conditions.
  • To inform veterinary professionals on managing life-threatening cardiac events.

Main Methods:

  • Diagnosis of pericardial effusion relies on signalment, physical exam, and echocardiography.
  • Symptomatic bradycardia is diagnosed via ECG, often presenting with syncope.
  • Caval syndrome diagnosis involves clinical signs, bloodwork, and ultrasound confirming severe heartworm disease.

Main Results:

  • Pericardial effusion is managed with pericardiocentesis, with prognosis dependent on etiology.
  • Temporary transvenous pacing effectively stabilizes patients with symptomatic bradyarrhythmias.
  • Heartworm extraction is crucial for caval syndrome, though prognosis remains guarded.

Conclusions:

  • Prognosis for pericardial effusion varies widely based on the underlying cause.
  • Cardiac pacing offers a favorable outcome for bradyarrhythmias.
  • Untreated caval syndrome carries a grave prognosis, while intervention offers a guarded to fair outlook.