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Obesity

Obesity

The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in adipocytes...

Drug Dosing: Obese Patients

Drug Dosing: Obese Patients

In the United States, obesity is a prominent concern. It is linked to heightened mortality rates due to increased occurrences of conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and diabetes compared to nonobese individuals. A patient is classified as obese if their actual body weight surpasses the ideal or desirable body weight by 20%, based on Metropolitan Life Insurance Company data. Ideal body weights consider average weights and heights for males and females...

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution

Obesity significantly alters the pharmacokinetic processes of drug absorption and distribution, presenting unique challenges in medical treatment. The increased fat tissue and decreased lean muscle in obese individuals can significantly affect how drugs are absorbed into the body and distributed across different tissues. This alteration can lead to variances in the effectiveness and safety of medications, necessitating adjustments in dosing or drug selection for obese patients.One notable...

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion

Drug metabolism, a critical process in the liver, involves two primary phases: Phase I reactions and Phase II conjugation. Obesity introduces significant alterations in this metabolic process, primarily due to fatty infiltration of the liver, leading to conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This condition can modify the activities of both Phase I and II enzymes, impacting how drugs are metabolized in obese patients.Phase I metabolism sees variable effects across...

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...

Bulimia Nervosa

Bulimia Nervosa

Bulimia nervosa is a complex and severe eating disorder characterized by a cyclical pattern of binge-and-purge eating pattern. It generally involves an episode of binge eating, followed by compensatory behaviors such as vomiting, excessive exercise, laxative use, or fasting, to prevent weight gain. Despite often maintaining a normal weight, individuals with bulimia are intensely preoccupied with their body image and harbor an overwhelming fear of gaining weight. This can contribute to the...

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Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study

Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study

Published on: February 2, 2017

Obesity in children.

Dexter Canoy¹, Peter Bundred

¹University of Oxford/Honorary Research Fellow at University of Manchester, Oxford/Manchester, UK.

BMJ Clinical Evidence

|April 6, 2011

Summary

This systematic review examines lifestyle and surgical interventions for childhood obesity. Evidence is presented on the effectiveness and safety of behavioral, diet, physical activity, and bariatric surgery approaches.

Area of Science:

Pediatric Endocrinology
Public Health
Evidence-Based Medicine

Background:

Childhood obesity stems from sustained energy imbalance, leading to physical and psychosocial issues.
Obesity in youth often persists into adulthood, highlighting the need for effective interventions.
Prevalence of childhood obesity is a growing concern, with significant rates reported in the UK.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review the effects of lifestyle interventions for treating childhood obesity.
To assess the impact of surgical interventions on childhood obesity.
To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of various treatment modalities.

Main Methods:

Conducted a systematic review of medical literature up to January 2010.

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Breakfast Habits among Schoolchildren in the City of Uruguaiana, Brazil

Breakfast Habits among Schoolchildren in the City of Uruguaiana, Brazil

Published on: July 29, 2020

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Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study

Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study

Published on: February 2, 2017

Multidisciplinary Approach to Obesity Management: A Case Report

Multidisciplinary Approach to Obesity Management: A Case Report

Published on: May 30, 2025

Breakfast Habits among Schoolchildren in the City of Uruguaiana, Brazil

Breakfast Habits among Schoolchildren in the City of Uruguaiana, Brazil

Published on: July 29, 2020

Searched major databases including Medline, Embase, and The Cochrane Library.

Included harms alerts from regulatory agencies like the FDA and MHRA.

Main Results:

Identified 14 systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials meeting inclusion criteria.
Performed a GRADE evaluation to assess the quality of evidence for interventions.
Synthesized information on behavioral, diet, multifactorial, physical activity, and bariatric surgery interventions.

Conclusions:

The review provides data on the effectiveness and safety of lifestyle interventions for pediatric obesity.
Information on bariatric surgery for adolescents is also presented.
Highlights the need for evidence-based approaches in managing childhood obesity.