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Related Concept Videos

Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
Valence Bond Theory02:45

Valence Bond Theory

Overview of Valence Bond Theory
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Molecular Shape and Polarity03:37

Molecular Shape and Polarity

Dipole Moment of a Molecule
Intermolecular Forces in Solutions02:28

Intermolecular Forces in Solutions

The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Such a solution is called an ideal solution. A mixture of ideal gases (or gases such as helium and argon,...
Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes02:41

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

How does halogen bonding behave in solution? A theoretical study using implicit solvation model.

Yunxiang Lu1, Haiying Li, Xiang Zhu

  • 1Key Laboratory for Advanced Material and Department of Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China. yxlu@ecust.edu.cn

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A
|April 7, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals how halogen bonding interactions change between gas and solution phases. Solvation significantly weakens charged complexes but slightly alters neutral ones, offering insights for medicinal chemistry and material design.

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Area of Science:

  • * Computational Chemistry
  • * Supramolecular Chemistry
  • * Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • * Halogen bonding is a crucial non-covalent interaction.
  • * Understanding its behavior in different environments is essential for applications.
  • * Previous studies have explored halogen bonding, but systematic solvation effects require further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To systematically investigate halogen bonding in both gas and solution phases.
  • * To quantify the impact of solvent polarity on halogen bond strength and geometry.
  • * To compare the effects of solvation on halogen bonding versus hydrogen bonding.

Main Methods:

  • * Quantum chemical Density Functional Theory (DFT) with the B3LYP functional.
  • * Polarized Continuum Model (PCM) to simulate solvation effects in chloroform, acetone, and water.
  • * Analysis of interaction energies, intermolecular distances, and free energies of formation.

Main Results:

  • * Charged halogen-bonded complexes weaken significantly in solution, increasing distances.
  • * Neutral systems show slight changes in interaction energy and shorter bond distances.
  • * Gas-phase binding affinity order is Cl(-) > Br(-) > I(-); solution shows limited energy gaps.
  • * Calculated free energies correlate well with experimental association constants.
  • * Differences in solvent effects on halogen and hydrogen bonding were identified.

Conclusions:

  • * Solvation significantly modulates halogen bonding strength and geometry.
  • * Halogen bonding remains stable in solution for many systems studied.
  • * Findings provide fundamental characteristics for applying halogen bonding in medicinal chemistry and material design.