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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

The human body maintains a precise pH range of arterial blood between 7.35 and 7.45. Deviations result in either acidosis (pH < 7.35) or alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These conditions are further classified as respiratory or metabolic disorders based on their underlying cause.
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis occurs due to an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCO2 in the blood. It often arises from shallow breathing or impaired gas exchange caused by...
Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases02:58

Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

The acid-base reaction class has been studied for quite some time. In 1680, Robert Boyle reported traits of acid solutions that included their ability to dissolve many substances, to change the colors of certain natural dyes, and to lose these traits after coming in contact with alkali (base) solutions. In the eighteenth century, it was recognized that acids have a sour taste, react with limestone to liberate a gaseous substance (now known to be CO2), and interact with alkalis to form neutral...
Acute Coronary Syndrome IV: Interprofessional Care01:28

Acute Coronary Syndrome IV: Interprofessional Care

IntroductionThe management of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) aims to minimize myocardial damage, preserve myocardial function, and prevent complications.Initial ManagementInpatient management involves continuous cardiac monitoring, preferably in an ICU, focusing on blood pressure, serum sodium, potassium, and creatinine levels, and urine output. Ongoing pharmacologic management is crucial for stabilizing the patient.Supplemental Oxygen: Administer supplemental oxygen if oxygen saturation is...
Acute Respiratory Failure-IV01:23

Acute Respiratory Failure-IV

Respiratory failure can manifest suddenly or gradually, characterized by a rapid decline in PaO2 and a rapid rise in PaCO2. This situation indicates a severe respiratory problem that may quickly become a life-threatening emergency. One of the early signs of hypoxemic Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF) is a change in mental status due to the brain's sensitivity to oxygen levels and changes in acid-base balance. Symptoms such as restlessness, confusion, and agitation suggest inadequate oxygen...
Roles of Electrolytes: Chloride and Bicarbonate01:29

Roles of Electrolytes: Chloride and Bicarbonate

Chloride ions contribute to the osmotic pressure gradient distinguishing the intracellular fluid (ICF) from the extracellular fluid (ECF). They counterbalance positively charged ions in the ECF and ensure its electrochemical stability. The renal system's process of chloride absorption and release generally mirrors that of sodium ions.
Conditions such as hypochloremia can arise from insufficient chloride reabsorption by the kidneys, often compounded by extended bouts of diarrhea, vomiting, or...
Acute Respiratory Failure-III01:30

Acute Respiratory Failure-III

Hypercapnic respiratory failure, also known as Type 2 or ventilatory respiratory failure, is a severe condition characterized by the body's inability to effectively remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream. It leads to an arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) exceeding 45 mmHg and a blood pH above 7.35. This situation indicates that the body's ventilatory demand, or the ventilation needed to maintain normal PaCO2 levels, surpasses its supply or the maximum gas flow achievable without causing...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Halogenated Agent Delivery in Porcine Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome via an Intensive Care Unit Type Device
09:36

Halogenated Agent Delivery in Porcine Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome via an Intensive Care Unit Type Device

Published on: September 24, 2020

Acid-base disorders in ICU patients.

Yun Kyu Oh1

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Electrolyte & Blood Pressure : E & BP
|April 7, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Metabolic acid-base disorders are common in ICU patients. Adjusting the anion gap (AG) for albumin levels and treating underlying causes are key for effective management.

Area of Science:

  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Clinical Chemistry
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Metabolic acid-base disorders present frequent clinical challenges in intensive care unit (ICU) patients.
  • Arterial blood gas analysis and anion gap (AG) are crucial for interpreting acid-base status.
  • Factors like albumin influence AG measurements, necessitating adjustments for hypoalbuminemia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of metabolic acid-base disorders in ICU patients.
  • To highlight the importance of accurate AG interpretation, including albumin correction.
  • To discuss the management strategies for common acid-base disturbances.

Main Methods:

  • Review of key laboratory data, including arterial blood gas analysis and anion gap.
Keywords:
anion gapketoacidosislactic acidosismetabolic aidosismetabolic alkalosis

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  • Discussion of factors affecting anion gap, such as albumin levels.
  • Analysis of common causes and treatment targets for metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.

    • Main Results:

    • Hypoalbuminemia requires AG adjustment for accurate assessment.
    • High AG metabolic acidoses (lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis, toxic alcohol ingestion) are prevalent in ICUs.
    • Metabolic alkalosis has diverse causes, with chloride-responsive types needing volume and potassium repletion.

    Conclusions:

    • Accurate interpretation of metabolic acid-base disorders in ICU patients relies on careful analysis of laboratory data, including AG and albumin levels.
    • Treatment should focus on the underlying etiology of acidosis and alkalosis.
    • Specific interventions like volume and potassium repletion are critical for certain metabolic alkaloses.