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Related Concept Videos

Antianginal Drugs: Nitrates and β-Blockers01:16

Antianginal Drugs: Nitrates and β-Blockers

In cardiovascular health, antianginal drugs combat angina pectoris — a condition marked by chest pain owing to diminished blood flow to the heart.
Organic nitrates,  such as nitroglycerin, play a pivotal role. Once metabolized, they liberate nitric oxide, a molecular marvel. Nitric oxide triggers guanylyl cyclase and augments cGMP production. This biochemical cascade orchestrates the relaxation of vascular smooth muscles, ushering in vasodilation and enhancing coronary blood flow. Administered...
Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway01:28

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway

Nitric oxide (NO), an inorganic gas, acts as a potent second messenger in most animal and plant tissues. NO diffuses out of the cells that produce it and enters the neighboring cells to generate a downstream response. NO synthase (NOS) catalyzes NO production by the deamination of the amino acid arginine. There are three isoforms of NOS. Endothelial cells have endothelial NOS (eNOS), nerve and muscle cells have neuronal NOS (nNOS), and macrophages produce inducible NOS (iNOS) upon exposure to...
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Antihypertensive Drugs: Vasodilators

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2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Tension-Free Weight-Bearing Model of Steroid-Induced Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head in Rats
05:55

Tension-Free Weight-Bearing Model of Steroid-Induced Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head in Rats

Published on: September 27, 2024

Nitrate patch prevents steroid-related bone necrosis.

Wolf Drescher1, Rainer Beckmann, Richard Kasch

  • 1Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany. wolfdrescher@hotmail.com

Journal of Orthopaedic Research : Official Publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society
|April 7, 2011
PubMed
Summary

High-dose corticosteroids can cause femoral head necrosis. Nitrate patches may prevent this steroid-induced bone necrosis by improving blood flow, as shown in a rabbit study.

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Preparation of Rat Skeletal Muscle Homogenates for Nitrate and Nitrite Measurements
07:19

Preparation of Rat Skeletal Muscle Homogenates for Nitrate and Nitrite Measurements

Published on: July 29, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Tension-Free Weight-Bearing Model of Steroid-Induced Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head in Rats
05:55

Tension-Free Weight-Bearing Model of Steroid-Induced Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head in Rats

Published on: September 27, 2024

Preparation of Rat Skeletal Muscle Homogenates for Nitrate and Nitrite Measurements
07:19

Preparation of Rat Skeletal Muscle Homogenates for Nitrate and Nitrite Measurements

Published on: July 29, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Pharmacology
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • Avascular necrosis of the femoral head (FHN) is a debilitating complication in young patients following high-dose corticosteroid therapy.
  • Corticosteroids may induce FHN through vasoconstriction of the femoral head's lateral epiphyseal arteries, leading to ischemia and necrosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential preventive effect of a nitrate patch on steroid-associated avascular necrosis of the femoral head.
  • To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of nitrate co-administration in mitigating corticosteroid-induced bone necrosis.

Main Methods:

  • A rabbit model was utilized, with New Zealand White rabbits divided into three groups: control, methylprednisolone (GC) treated, and methylprednisolone plus nitrate patch (GC+N) treated.
  • Histomorphometry was performed on fixed tissue samples to quantify empty osteocyte lacunae, a histological marker of FHN.
  • Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was employed to assess osteocyte density and tissue morphology.

Main Results:

  • Glucocorticoid (GC) treated animals exhibited a significant increase in empty osteocyte lacunae compared to control and GC+N groups.
  • No significant difference in empty lacunae count was observed between the nitrate patch co-treated (GC+N) group and the control group.
  • Histological analysis confirmed a higher incidence of osteonecrosis features in the GC group, which was reduced by nitrate patch application.

Conclusions:

  • Corticosteroid treatment significantly increases markers of osteonecrosis in the femoral head.
  • Co-administration of a nitrate patch demonstrates a potential preventive effect against steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head.
  • Nitrate therapy may offer a protective strategy against corticosteroid-related bone complications.