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Related Concept Videos

Magnetic Fields01:27

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A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
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Electrons revolving around a nucleus are analogous to a circular current carrying loop. This current produces a magnetic dipole moment proportional to the electron's orbital angular momentum. Since the orbital angular momentum is quantized in terms of the reduced Planck's constant, the dipole moment is quantized in the Bohr Magneton. The value of the Bohr magneton is 9.27 x 10-24 Am2. Electrons also have an intrinsic spin angular momentum, and the associated spin magnetic moment is...
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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
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Magnetic flux depends on three factors: the strength of the magnetic field, the area through which the field lines pass, and the field's orientation with respect to the surface area. If any of these quantities vary, a corresponding variation in magnetic flux occurs. If the area through which the magnetic field lines are passing changes, then the magnetic flux also changes. This change in the area can be of two types: the flux through the rectangular loop increases as it moves into the...
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Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

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Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
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Potential Due to a Magnetized Object01:24

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Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
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Unexpectedly large electronic contribution to linear magnetoelectricity.

Eric Bousquet1, Nicola A Spaldin, Kris T Delaney

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The electronic contribution to magnetoelectric response is significant, comparable to lattice effects in strong magnetoelectrics. This study reveals polarization emerges from both electronic and lattice factors, offering a new computational approach.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Physics

Background:

  • The magnetoelectric effect couples magnetic and electric properties in materials.
  • First-principles studies often neglect the electronic contribution to the linear magnetoelectric response.
  • Understanding polarization mechanisms in magnetoelectrics is crucial for device applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the significance of the electronic contribution to the linear magnetoelectric response.
  • To elucidate the emergence of polarization in magnetoelectrics through both electronic and lattice effects.
  • To introduce a computationally simple method for studying magnetic field responses.

Main Methods:

  • Employed a self-consistent response calculation to a Zeeman field for noncollinear spins.
  • Developed an approach analogous to high- and low-frequency dielectric responses.
  • Focused on first-principles calculations incorporating electronic and lattice contributions.

Main Results:

  • The electronic part of the linear magnetoelectric response can be comparable in magnitude to lattice-mediated contributions, even in strong magnetoelectrics.
  • Polarization in magnetoelectrics arises from a combination of electronic and lattice contributions.
  • The proposed computational approach is shown to be simple and effective.

Conclusions:

  • The electronic contribution to magnetoelectricity is substantial and should not be omitted in theoretical studies.
  • A unified understanding of polarization emergence in magnetoelectrics is achieved through electronic and lattice interactions.
  • The developed method facilitates the study of linear and nonlinear magnetoelectric responses to magnetic fields.