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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
Solubility Equilibria: Overview01:09

Solubility Equilibria: Overview

When a substance such as sodium chloride is added to water, it dissolves, forming an aqueous solution. The extent of dissolution is called solubility. The process of dissolution can exist in equilibrium, just like other chemical processes. Solubility equilibria are also called precipitation equilibria because the process of solubility can be reversible. The reverse of the solubility process is called precipitation.
Solubility is important in biological and environmental processes. A notable...
Solubility03:00

Solubility

Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
In a solution, the solute particles (molecules, atoms, and/or ions)...
Solubility Equilibria03:07

Solubility Equilibria

Solubility equilibria are established when the dissolution and precipitation of a solute species occur at equal rates. These equilibria underlie many natural and technological processes, ranging from tooth decay to water purification. An understanding of the factors affecting compound solubility is, therefore, essential to the effective management of these processes. This section applies previously introduced equilibrium concepts and tools to systems involving dissolution and precipitation.
The...
Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Solubility Enhancement01:16

Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Solubility Enhancement

Bioavailability is a critical factor in determining a drug's effectiveness. It refers to the proportion of a drug that enters the circulation when introduced into the body and is, as a result, able to have an active effect. Enhancing bioavailability is essential for drugs with poor solubility, as it can significantly impact their therapeutic efficacy. Various methods are employed to increase the solubility of drugs, thereby enhancing their bioavailability.Micronization and nanonization are...
Chemical and Solubility Equilibria02:21

Chemical and Solubility Equilibria

The free energy change associated with dissolving a solute in a liter of solvent is called the free energy of a solution, ΔGsolution. The overall ΔGsolution is expressed as the balance of ΔGinteraction against the always-favorable free-energy of mixing, ΔGmixing. Solution formation is favorable if  ΔGsolution is less than zero, whereas it is unfavorable if ΔGsolution is greater than zero. In short, for a solution to form and complete dissolution to take place, the Gibbs energy change must be...

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Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Solubility of Hydrophobic Compounds in Aqueous Solution Using Combinations of Self-assembling Peptide and Amino Acid
05:08

Solubility of Hydrophobic Compounds in Aqueous Solution Using Combinations of Self-assembling Peptide and Amino Acid

Published on: September 20, 2017

Recent advances on aqueous solubility prediction.

Junmei Wang1, Tingjun Hou

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 75390-9050, USA. junmwang@yahoo.com

Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening
|April 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Accurate prediction of aqueous solubility in drug discovery remains challenging. High-quality, diverse data and improved molecular descriptors are crucial for developing reliable solubility models.

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Published on: January 7, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Drug discovery and development
  • Computational chemistry
  • Physicochemical property modeling

Background:

  • Aqueous solubility is a critical factor influencing drug absorption, distribution, and oral bioavailability.
  • Existing models for predicting aqueous solubility often lack accuracy and reliability for drug-like molecules.
  • Despite numerous efforts, a definitive model for predicting drug solubility has not yet emerged.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the latest advancements in aqueous solubility prediction models.
  • To discuss the challenges in developing high-quality solubility models.
  • To outline strategies for overcoming these challenges.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent developments in aqueous solubility modeling.
  • Analysis of challenges in data collection and descriptor development.
  • Discussion of strategies for model validation and improvement.

Main Results:

  • The primary obstacle in modeling aqueous solubility is the scarcity of high-quality, diverse, and drug-relevant experimental data.
  • Developing effective molecular descriptors that account for lattice energy of solvation is a significant challenge.
  • Current models often fail to accurately predict solubility for a wide range of drug-like compounds.

Conclusions:

  • Collecting sufficient, high-quality, and verified experimental solubility data is paramount.
  • Molecular descriptors must accurately represent solvation energies, including lattice energy.
  • Rigorous cross-validation and external evaluation are essential for developing reliable in silico solubility models.