Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.
Chickenpox01:20

Chickenpox

Chickenpox is an acute, highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Herpesviridae family. Its transmission occurs primarily through the inhalation of respiratory droplets or direct contact with vesicular fluid from skin lesions. The incubation period typically ranges from 10 to 21 days, during which the virus replicates and disseminates through sequential phases within the host. Although generally self-limiting in children,...
Herpes01:28

Herpes

Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV‑1) is a widespread pathogen responsible for orolabial lesions. It is an enveloped, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus belonging to the family Herpesviridae. Once the virus infects a host cell, its double‑stranded DNA genome is delivered into the nucleus, where a coordinated cascade of immediate‑early, early, and late gene expression directs viral DNA replication, structural protein synthesis, and virion assembly. After primary infection of epithelial cells, HSV-1...
Genital Herpes01:23

Genital Herpes

Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection primarily caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), though herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is increasingly implicated in genital infections, particularly among younger populations. Transmission occurs mainly through sexual contact, with asymptomatic viral shedding serving as a major route of spread. This characteristic makes HSV-2 difficult to control at a population level, as individuals may unknowingly transmit the virus even in the...
Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...
Malaria01:29

Malaria

Malaria pathogenesis in humans reflects a delicate interplay between parasite biology and host response. Clinical illness reflects a host’s immune response to the parasite’s asexual replication cycle, which is often asymptomatic in individuals with partial immunity. From the parasite's perspective, transmission between mosquito and human with minimal host pathology is evolutionarily advantageous. Among the six Plasmodium species infecting humans, P. falciparum and P. vivax dominate in global...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Why not destroy the remaining smallpox virus stocks?

Vaccine·2011
Same author

Immunity to smallpox and vaccinia: the future of smallpox vaccines.

Expert review of clinical immunology·2010
Same author

Evaluating public health responses to reintroduced smallpox via dynamic, socially structured, and spatially distributed metapopulation models.

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America·2008
Same author

Myocarditis, pericarditis, and dilated cardiomyopathy after smallpox vaccination among civilians in the United States, January-October 2003.

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America·2008
Same author

Development of a risk-priority score for category A bioterrorism agents as an aid for public health policy.

Military medicine·2006
Same author

Smallpox.

Lancet (London, England)·2006

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Development of an IFN-γ ELISpot Assay to Assess Varicella-Zoster Virus-specific Cell-mediated Immunity Following Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation
08:04

Development of an IFN-γ ELISpot Assay to Assess Varicella-Zoster Virus-specific Cell-mediated Immunity Following Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation

Published on: July 9, 2014

Remaining questions about clinical variola major.

J Michael Lane1

  • 1Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. mikelane869@yahoo.com

Emerging Infectious Diseases
|April 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This review examines unresolved clinical questions regarding smallpox, including its association with disseminated intravascular coagulation and high mortality in pregnant women. It also discusses antiviral treatments, vaccination strategies, and the appropriate destruction of smallpox virus stocks.

More Related Videos

Vaccinia Virus Infection & Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 1
12:00

Vaccinia Virus Infection & Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 1

Published on: April 8, 2009

Vaccinia Virus Infection & Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 3
07:35

Vaccinia Virus Infection & Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 3

Published on: April 13, 2009

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Development of an IFN-γ ELISpot Assay to Assess Varicella-Zoster Virus-specific Cell-mediated Immunity Following Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation
08:04

Development of an IFN-γ ELISpot Assay to Assess Varicella-Zoster Virus-specific Cell-mediated Immunity Following Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation

Published on: July 9, 2014

Vaccinia Virus Infection & Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 1
12:00

Vaccinia Virus Infection & Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 1

Published on: April 8, 2009

Vaccinia Virus Infection & Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 3
07:35

Vaccinia Virus Infection & Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 3

Published on: April 13, 2009

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health Policy
  • Virology

Background:

  • Recent World Health Organization research on smallpox has highlighted remaining clinical uncertainties.
  • Several aspects of smallpox management and pathogenesis require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and address critical clinical and policy issues related to smallpox.
  • To explore potential causes of high mortality in specific populations and complications of the disease.

Main Methods:

  • Policy review and literature synthesis.
  • Speculative analysis based on existing clinical data and disease characteristics.

Main Results:

  • Early hemorrhagic smallpox may involve disseminated intravascular coagulation.
  • High mortality in pregnant women might stem from specific pathophysiological factors.
  • Ocular smallpox could be linked to trachoma or vitamin A deficiency.
  • Antiviral drugs show potential for preventing joint destruction but intraarticular infusion is novel.
  • Interference between antiviral drugs and postexposure vaccination requires consideration.
  • Hospital admission policies for smallpox patients need clarification.
  • The optimal use of existing second-generation smallpox vaccine in the US is uncertain.

Conclusions:

  • Destruction of remaining live smallpox virus stocks is politically and ethically indicated.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the clinical management and long-term implications of smallpox.