Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Design Example: Maintaining Level of an Embankment

Design Example: Maintaining Level of an Embankment

Constructing a roadway embankment over uneven terrain requires precise leveling to ensure stability and proper drainage. Surveyors use a leveling instrument and staff to calculate ground elevations and determine the required fill material at each point along the embankment alignment.The process begins by positioning a leveling instrument near a benchmark with a known elevation. A backsight reading establishes the instrument height, which serves as a reference for subsequent measurements. A...

Introduction and Methods of Leveling

Introduction and Methods of Leveling

Leveling is a surveying procedure used to determine elevation differences between distant points. Elevation refers to the vertical distance above or below a reference datum, typically mean sea level (MSL). In the United States, elevations are often referenced to the mean sea level station at Father Point Rimouski along the St. Lawrence Seaway. To make the datum accessible, permanent markers are established throughout the region. These markers, called benchmarks, have known elevations. If the...

Modeling with Differential Equations

Modeling with Differential Equations

Population dynamics can be described mathematically by considering the population size P(t) as a function of time. The rate of change of the population is then represented by the derivative of P(t). A simple assumption is that the rate of growth is proportional to the size of the population itself. This leads to an exponential growth model, where the population increases rapidly without bound. While this is a useful first approximation, it does not reflect realistic long-term...

Surface Tension

Surface Tension

Surface tension is defined as the force per unit length (γ) acting along the surface of a liquid. It arises due to strong intermolecular forces of attraction. A molecule located inside the bulk of the liquid is surrounded by other molecules and experiences equal forces in all directions. However, a molecule at the surface experiences unbalanced forces because there are more neighboring molecules below than above. This creates a net inward force that pulls surface molecules toward the interior,...

$Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling$ 01:26

Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling

During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance. Over a...

Surface Tension of Fluid

Surface Tension of Fluid

Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
Surface tension varies with...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Water stress and recovery dynamics of physiological function and growth in juvenile Pinus radiata.

Tree physiology·2026

Same author

Modelling the transmission and impact of Omicron variants of Covid-19 in different ethnicity groups in Aotearoa New Zealand.

Epidemics·2026

Same author

Continuum models describing probabilistic motion of tagged agents in exclusion processes.

Physical review. E·2026

Same author

Estimating excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in Aotearoa New Zealand: addendum.

International journal of epidemiology·2026

Same author

Infectious disease outbreak controllability: biological, social and public health factors.

Proceedings. Biological sciences·2026

Same author

Inference and prediction for stochastic models of biological populations undergoing migration and proliferation.

Journal of the Royal Society, Interface·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Development of an Individual-Tree Basal Area Increment Model using a Linear Mixed-Effects Approach

Development of an Individual-Tree Basal Area Increment Model using a Linear Mixed-Effects Approach

Published on: July 3, 2020

A mathematical framework for modelling cambial surface evolution using a level set method.

Damien Sellier¹, Michael J Plank, Jonathan J Harrington

¹New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand. damien.sellier@scionresearch.com

Annals of Botany

|April 8, 2011

Summary

This study presents a novel framework simulating tree stem shape evolution driven by cellular-scale cambial growth. The model integrates biological and physical mechanisms to predict wood formation and internal structure.

More Related Videos

Determination of Aggregate Surface Morphology at the Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ)

Determination of Aggregate Surface Morphology at the Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ)

Published on: December 16, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Development of an Individual-Tree Basal Area Increment Model using a Linear Mixed-Effects Approach

Development of an Individual-Tree Basal Area Increment Model using a Linear Mixed-Effects Approach

Published on: July 3, 2020

Determination of Aggregate Surface Morphology at the Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ)

Determination of Aggregate Surface Morphology at the Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ)

Published on: December 16, 2019

Area of Science:

Plant biology
Computational modeling
Wood formation

Background:

Traditional tree growth models focus on apical growth, neglecting cambial contributions.
Cambial growth, a surface-based process, significantly influences plant form and function.
Understanding secondary growth is crucial for predicting tree architecture.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a computational framework for simulating tree stem shape evolution.
To model secondary growth at the cellular scale.
To integrate cambial dynamics with organism-level growth.

Main Methods:

The vascular cambium is modeled as an expanding surface using the level set method.
Distinct expansion rules are assigned to different surface compartments.
Growth behavior is mathematically defined by surface state and biological variables.

Main Results:

The model successfully simulates cambium dynamics and wood formation at the organism scale.
It can predict competition between cambia, surface irregularities, and local features.
Complex growth functions do not increase the numerical method's complexity.

Conclusions:

Trees can be conceptualized as expanding surfaces to understand their growth.
The mathematical framework integrates biological and physical mechanisms of cambium activity.
This approach facilitates testing growth hypotheses and generating detailed wood structure maps.