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Related Concept Videos

Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct regions...
Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...
Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and corticosterone...
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...
Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla01:27

Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla

The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
Collateral Ganglia
Sympathetic preganglionic axons reach the collateral ganglia along the route of splanchnic nerves. These nerves bypass the sympathetic trunk and communicate with sympathetic postganglionic neurons housed in the prevertebral ganglia. These ganglia supply the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
The greater splanchnic nerve, formed by the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
06:08

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

AME position statement on adrenal incidentaloma.

M Terzolo1, A Stigliano, I Chiodini

  • 1Medicine I, AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano 10043, Italy. terzolo@usa.n

European Journal of Endocrinology
|April 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study provides clinical practice recommendations for adrenal incidentaloma, emphasizing imaging and hormonal assessments. Surgery is advised for suspicious masses or those causing hormone excess, with considerations for subclinical Cushing's syndrome.

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Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
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Published on: September 15, 2017

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Published on: January 17, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Radiology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Adrenal incidentalomas are common, requiring standardized diagnostic and management protocols.
  • Current evidence on optimal evaluation and treatment strategies is evolving.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize current evidence on adrenal incidentaloma.
  • To establish consensus-based recommendations for clinical practice.

Main Methods:

  • Expert panel review of existing studies.
  • Appraisal of evidence quality and summarization of findings.
  • Consensus-building discussions.

Main Results:

  • Unenhanced CT with ≤10 HU is recommended for adenoma differentiation; delayed CT for higher values.
  • Hormonal assessment for pheochromocytoma, cortisol excess, and primary aldosteronism is crucial.
  • Surgery is indicated for suspicious masses or overt hormone excess; its role in subclinical Cushing's syndrome requires further data.

Conclusions:

  • Standardized imaging and hormonal testing are key for adrenal incidentaloma evaluation.
  • Surgical intervention is reserved for specific indications.
  • Further research is needed for subclinical Cushing's syndrome management.