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Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...

Valence Bond Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis, the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...

Paramagnetism

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Optimizing Magnetic Force Microscopy Resolution and Sensitivity to Visualize Nanoscale Magnetic Domains

Optimizing Magnetic Force Microscopy Resolution and Sensitivity to Visualize Nanoscale Magnetic Domains

Published on: July 20, 2022

Magnetic monopole dynamics in spin ice.

L D C Jaubert¹, P C W Holdsworth

¹Max-Plack-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, 01187 Dresden, Germany.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal

|April 8, 2011

Summary

Magnetic monopoles, emergent quasi-particles in spin ice materials, interact via Coulomb

Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Emergent Phenomena
Quasi-particles

Background:

Spin ice materials exhibit fractionalization of magnetic dipoles into emergent quasi-particles.
These emergent quasi-particles behave as magnetic monopoles interacting via Coulomb's law.
Experimental evidence confirms the existence of a Coulomb gas of magnetic charges in spin ice at low temperatures.

Purpose of the Study:

To review different spin ice models.
To present detailed results on the diffusive dynamics of monopole particles.
To model the dynamics within the quantum tunnelling regime.

Main Methods:

Review of spin ice models.
Simulation of monopole particle dynamics from dipolar spin ice and Coulomb gas models.

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Application of Metropolis dynamics for quantum tunnelling regime simulation.

Constraining particle movement along oriented paths (analogous to Dirac strings).

Main Results:

Detailed results describing the diffusive dynamics of monopole particles are presented.
The study models the diffusive quasi-particle dynamics in real spin ice materials.
Metropolis dynamics are used to model the quantum tunnelling regime, with particles confined to specific paths.

Conclusions:

The study provides insights into the diffusive dynamics of magnetic monopoles in spin ice.
The findings contribute to understanding emergent quasi-particle behavior in condensed matter systems.
The modeling approach offers a new perspective on otherwise inaccessible phenomena in spin ice.