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Related Concept Videos

Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...
Introduction to Joints00:58

Introduction to Joints

The adult human body usually has 206 bones, and except for the hyoid bone in the neck, each bone is connected to at least one other bone. Joints are the location where bones come together. Many joints allow for movement between the bones. At these joints, the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones can move smoothly against each other. However, the bones of other joints may be joined by connective tissue or cartilage. These joints are designed for stability and provide little or no movement.
Overview of the Axial Skeleton01:09

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
The axial skeleton of the adult...
Structural Classification of Joints01:20

Structural Classification of Joints

Joints, also known as articulations, are classified based on their structural characteristics, i.e., based on whether the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones are directly connected by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage, or whether the articulating surfaces contact each other within a fluid-filled joint cavity. These differences serve to divide the joints of the body into three structural classifications.
A fibrous joint is where the adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective...
Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints01:03

Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints

Fibrous joints are a type of joint where the bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue. These joints provide stability and minimal to no movement between the articulating bones. There are three types of fibrous joints.
Suture
All the bones of the skull, except for the mandible, are joined to each other by a fibrous joint called a suture. The fibrous connective tissue found at a suture strongly unites the adjacent skull bones and thus helps to protect the brain and form the face. In...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Four-Dimensional CT Analysis Using Sequential 3D-3D Registration
05:05

Four-Dimensional CT Analysis Using Sequential 3D-3D Registration

Published on: November 23, 2019

A fourth atlantoaxial joint: an initial description.

Ron I Riesenburger1, Paul Klimo, Kevin C Yao

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Institute of Neurosurgery, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111, USA. rriesenburger@yahoo.com

The Spine Journal : Official Journal of the North American Spine Society
|April 9, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A rare supernumerary posterior atlantoaxial facet joint was identified in a patient with neck pain. Surgical removal improved symptoms, suggesting abnormal embryological fusion as a cause.

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Area of Science:

  • Spinal anatomy
  • Developmental abnormalities
  • Neurosurgery

Background:

  • A supernumerary posterior atlantoaxial facet joint is a rare anatomical variation.
  • Its presence has not been previously documented in medical literature.

Observation:

  • A 35-year-old woman presented with severe neck pain, headaches, and left arm paresthesia.
  • Radiological imaging revealed an anomalous right C1-C2 facet joint causing spinal cord compression.
  • A concurrent C5-C6 herniated disc also contributed to cord compression.

Findings:

  • Surgical resection of the anomalous facet joint was performed.
  • The patient experienced significant relief from neck pain and partial improvement in arm symptoms.
  • Postoperative imaging confirmed stability at the C1-C2 level.

Implications:

  • This case suggests a potential embryological origin involving abnormal fusion of C1 and C2 sclerotomes.
  • The development of a synovial joint in an aberrant location highlights the plasticity of developmental processes.
  • Understanding such anomalies is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective surgical management of spinal conditions.