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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

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Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions
05:41

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Space-time clustering of elevated thyroid stimulating hormone levels.

Mark S Pearce1, Richard J Q McNally, Julie Day

  • 1Institute of Health and Society, Sir James Spence Institute, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. s.pearce@ncl.ac.uk

European Journal of Epidemiology
|April 9, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study found significant space-time clustering in elevated newborn thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, suggesting environmental factors may contribute to congenital hypothyroidism (CHT). Further research is needed to confirm these findings and explore potential environmental causes.

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Published on: February 9, 2024

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Endocrinology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Congenital hypothyroidism (CHT) incidence is rising, hinting at potential environmental influences.
  • Space-time clustering of CHT cases could indicate shared environmental etiological factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the existence of space-time clustering for elevated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in newborns.
  • To assess if these patterns serve as a proxy for congenital hypothyroidism clustering.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from 207 cases of elevated TSH in newborns in Northern England (1994-2006).
  • Employed rigorous space-time clustering statistical methods for analysis.
  • Used blood spot assay TSH levels as a surrogate for CHT.

Main Results:

  • Statistically significant evidence of space-time clustering was identified.
  • Clustering was most pronounced for cases born within a 1-8 month interval.
  • This is the first study to report significant space-time clustering of elevated newborn TSH levels.

Conclusions:

  • The findings suggest transient environmental exposures may play a role in elevated TSH and CHT.
  • Environmental determinants of genetic mutations and epigenetic factors remain possibilities.
  • Further research is required to validate results and investigate specific environmental factors.