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Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.

Halogenation of Alkenes

Halogenation of Alkenes

Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.

Radical Substitution: Allylic Bromination

Radical Substitution: Allylic Bromination

In organic synthesis, the formation of products can be altered by changing the reaction conditions. For example, a dibromo addition product is formed when propene is treated with bromine at room temperature. In contrast, propene undergoes allylic substitution in non-polar solvents at high temperatures to give 3-bromopropene. In order to avoid the addition reaction, the bromine concentration must be kept as low as possible throughout the reaction. This can be achieved using N-bromosuccinimide...

Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride

Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride

Radical substitution reactions can be used to remove functional groups from molecules. The hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides is one such reaction, where the weak Sn–H bond in tributyltin hydride reacts with alkyl halides to form alkanes. Here, the reagent Bu3SnH yields tributyltin halide as a byproduct.
The bonds formed in this reaction are stronger than the bonds broken, making it energetically favorable. The reaction follows a radical chain mechanism similar to radical halogenation reactions,...

Precipitation of Ions

Precipitation of Ions

Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:

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Updated: Jun 2, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

An ionic liquid-mediated route to cerium(III) bromide solvates.

Kalyan V Vasudevan¹, Nickolaus A Smith, Brian L Scott

¹Chemistry Division, MS J582, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.

Inorganic Chemistry

|April 12, 2011

Summary

Researchers developed a new method to synthesize cerium bromide solvates using an ionic liquid precursor. This approach improves solubility and allows for the isolation of novel cerium compounds.

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Published on: December 20, 2016

Area of Science:

Inorganic Chemistry
Materials Science
Coordination Chemistry

Background:

Cerium bromide (CeBr3) has limited solubility in common organic solvents.
Developing new synthetic routes for cerium compounds is crucial for materials science applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To report a novel synthetic route for cerium bromide solvates.
To explore the use of ionic liquids as precursors for enhanced solubility.
To isolate and characterize new cerium bromide solvate species.

Main Methods:

Combination of bulk cerium bromide with 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (an ionic liquid).
Formation of a precursor paste to enhance solubility.
Crystallization from various donor solvents (THF, 2-Me-THF, MeCN).
Characterization of isolated cerium bromide solvates.

Main Results:

Successful synthesis of CeBr3(THF)4, CeBr3(2-Me-THF)4, and CeBr3(MeCN)5·MeCN.
Demonstration that CeBr3(THF)4 is a precursor for new species.
Isolation and characterization of CeBr3(py)4 and CeBr3(bipy)(py)3.

Conclusions:

A novel and effective synthetic strategy for cerium bromide solvates has been established.
The use of ionic liquids significantly enhances the solubility of cerium bromide.
New cerium bromide solvate complexes with potential applications have been synthesized.