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Related Concept Videos

Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids

Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
Nociception01:44

Nociception

Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain. Thus, pain helps the...

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Electrophysiological Methods to Assess Peripheral Pain Block in an Anesthetized Rat
08:05

Electrophysiological Methods to Assess Peripheral Pain Block in an Anesthetized Rat

Published on: November 21, 2025

Preventive analgesia.

Jørgen B Dahl1, Henrik Kehlet

  • 1Department of Anaesthesia, Centre of Head and Orthopaedics, Rigshospitalet and Copenhagen University, Denmark. joergen.b.dahl@rh.regionh.dk

Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology
|April 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Preventive analgesia may help manage acute and chronic postsurgical pain by targeting central sensitization. Further research with improved study designs is needed to confirm its effectiveness in preventing persistent pain.

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An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
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An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)

Published on: January 27, 2010

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Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Electrophysiological Methods to Assess Peripheral Pain Block in an Anesthetized Rat
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Published on: November 21, 2025

An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
14:56

An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)

Published on: January 27, 2010

Area of Science:

  • Pain Medicine
  • Anesthesiology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Postsurgical pain can transition from acute to persistent, involving central sensitization.
  • Understanding central sensitization is key to managing acute and chronic postsurgical pain.
  • The distinction between pre-emptive and preventive analgesia requires clarification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the literature on pre-emptive and preventive analgesia for acute and persistent postsurgical pain.
  • To focus on injury-induced central sensitization and the acute-to-chronic pain transition.
  • To evaluate the current evidence and propose future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive review of recent experimental and clinical literature.
  • Analysis of studies investigating central sensitization mechanisms.
  • Evaluation of clinical trials on preventive analgesia strategies.

Main Results:

  • Central sensitization mechanisms are common in acute and chronic postsurgical pain.
  • The term 'pre-emptive analgesia' should be replaced with 'preventive analgesia'.
  • Current evidence for preventive analgesia in persistent postsurgical pain is promising but requires more robust studies.

Conclusions:

  • Preventive analgesia remains a viable hypothesis for managing postsurgical pain.
  • Inconclusive results necessitate improved clinical study designs.
  • Further research is crucial to establish effective preventive analgesia interventions.