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Related Concept Videos

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Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease II: Clinical Features and Management

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Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management01:22

Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management

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Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction
13:35

Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction

Published on: May 17, 2024

Gynecomastia - evaluation and current treatment options.

Ruth E Johnson1, Cindy A Kermott, M Hassan Murad

  • 1Mayo Clinic, Division of Preventive, Occupational and Aerospace Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.

Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management
|April 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Surgical correction is the best management for most gynecomastia cases, offering immediate cosmetic and symptomatic relief. For men on antiandrogen therapy, tamoxifen or radiotherapy are effective pharmacological interventions.

Keywords:
estrogengynecomastiatestosterone

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction
13:35

Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction

Published on: May 17, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Medical Therapeutics

Background:

  • Gynecomastia, characterized by breast tissue enlargement in males, necessitates a clear management strategy.
  • Distinguishing true gynecomastia from pseudogynecomastia and male breast cancer is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define the optimal management approach for male gynecomastia.
  • To outline effective treatments based on patient subgroups and therapeutic contexts.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current clinical practices and treatment outcomes for gynecomastia.
  • Evaluation of surgical, pharmacological (tamoxifen), and radiological interventions.

Main Results:

  • Surgical correction provides immediate cosmetic and symptomatic improvement for most patients.
  • Tamoxifen is the most effective pharmacological treatment for gynecomastia in men undergoing antiandrogen therapy, with radiotherapy as a secondary option.

Conclusions:

  • Surgical intervention is generally the preferred method for managing gynecomastia.
  • Pharmacological and radiological options are vital for specific patient populations, particularly those on antiandrogen treatments.