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Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction

Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction

DefinitionDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by a triad of hyperglycemia (blood glucose >250 mg/dL), ketonemia or ketonuria, and metabolic acidosis (arterial pH <7.30 and serum bicarbonate <18 mEq/L). It results from insulin deficiency combined with elevated levels of counterregulatory hormones—glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and growth hormone—leading to increased lipolysis, hepatic ketone production, and...

Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology

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Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a metabolic emergency characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. It results from severe insulin deficiency and an excess of counterregulatory hormones, leading to uncontrolled lipolysis, ketogenesis, and widespread electrolyte and fluid disturbances.Pathophysiology The central event in DKA is a profound loss of insulin action. Without insulin, glucose uptake in insulin-dependent tissues is impaired, while hepatic glucose production...

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

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The human body maintains a precise pH range of arterial blood between 7.35 and 7.45. Deviations result in either acidosis (pH < 7.35) or alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These conditions are further classified as respiratory or metabolic disorders based on their underlying cause.
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis occurs due to an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCO2 in the blood. It often arises from shallow breathing or impaired gas exchange caused by...

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Diagnosing acid-base imbalances involves systematically analyzing arterial blood samples, focusing on three key measurements: pH, bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration, and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2). This analysis follows a four-step process that helps identify the imbalance's underlying cause and nature.
First, the pH level is assessed to determine whether the blood pH is normal (7.35–7.45), low (acidosis), or high (alkalosis).
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Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Identification and Quantification of Deranged Metabolites in Critically Ill Patients Using NMR-Based Metabolomics

Identification and Quantification of Deranged Metabolites in Critically Ill Patients Using NMR-Based Metabolomics

Published on: November 29, 2024

Diet-induced metabolic acidosis.

María M Adeva¹, Gema Souto

¹Hospital General Juan Cardona, c/ Pardo Bazán s/n 15406 Ferrol, La Coruña, Spain. madevaa@yahoo.com

Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)

|April 13, 2011

Summary

The Western diet causes metabolic acidosis, increasing kidney stone and cardiovascular risks. This condition, worsened by aging, affects insulin resistance and can lead to diabetes and hypertension.

Area of Science:

Nephrology
Metabolic Medicine
Dietary Science

Background:

Modern Western diets, low in fruits/vegetables and high in animal products, induce metabolic acidosis.
This diet-derived acidosis is exacerbated by age-related decline in kidney function.
Chronic, low-grade metabolic acidosis is linked to insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the link between diet-induced metabolic acidosis and its physiological consequences.
To explore the role of metabolic acidosis in kidney stone formation and cardiovascular risk.
To examine the association between metabolic acidosis markers and insulin resistance.

Main Methods:

Analysis of diet composition and its impact on acid-base balance.

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Evaluation of kidney compensatory mechanisms in response to metabolic acidosis.

Assessment of urine composition changes (pH, citrate, calcium) and their association with stone disease.

Correlation of metabolic acidosis markers with insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors.

Main Results:

Diet-induced metabolic acidosis leads to hypocitraturia, hypercalciuria, and low urine pH, increasing stone risk.
Metabolic acidosis is associated with skeletal muscle insulin resistance and elevated cardiovascular risk.
Observational studies show a link between insulin resistance and markers of metabolic acidosis.

Conclusions:

The Western diet promotes a state of metabolic acidosis with significant health implications.
Acid-base balance disruption contributes to kidney stone formation and metabolic disorders.
Managing dietary acid load is crucial for preventing metabolic abnormalities and cardiovascular complications.