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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...

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Related Experiment Video

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Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
09:33

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Published on: July 28, 2013

Neuropathologic correlates for diffusion tensor imaging in postinfectious encephalopathy.

Chin-I Chen1, Soe Mar, Stephanie Brown

  • 1Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.

Pediatric Neurology
|April 13, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diffusion tensor imaging parameters can distinguish between acute necrotizing encephalopathy and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in children. These advanced MRI techniques reveal microstructural changes, aiding in diagnosing these rare postinfectious encephalopathies.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Radiology
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) are rare pediatric postinfectious encephalopathies.
  • ANE involves symmetric lesions in deep gray and white matter, while ADEM is an immune-mediated demyelinating disorder primarily affecting white matter.

Observation:

  • Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) measures water diffusion in the central nervous system.
  • Directional diffusivity parameters, axial diffusivity (AD) and radial diffusivity (RD), can assess axonal and myelin injury.

Findings:

  • In ANE, decreased ADC, unchanged FA, and decreased AD/RD suggested axonal injury without demyelination, correlating with neuropathology.
  • In ADEM, increased ADC, decreased FA, unchanged AD, and increased RD indicated active inflammatory demyelination, consistent with biopsy findings.

Implications:

  • Diffusion tensor parameters offer enhanced microstructural insights compared to conventional MRI in pediatric postinfectious encephalopathy.
  • This technique may improve diagnostic accuracy and understanding of ANE and ADEM pathophysiology.