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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management

AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...
Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention01:27

Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention

Management of renal calculi focuses on effective strategies like tailored nutrition and hydration therapy. Adjusting diet and fluid intake reduces stone formation and recurrence, making these interventions simple yet powerful in kidney stone prevention and management.Understanding Kidney StonesKidney stones form when calcium, oxalate, uric acid, and cystine concentrate and crystallize in urine. Factors contributing to their formation include genetic predisposition, certain medical conditions,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis
07:45

Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis

Published on: February 9, 2021

[Why and how we must analyse urinary calculi].

S Gràcia-Garcia1, F Millán-Rodríguez, F Rousaud-Barón

  • 1Servicio de Laboratorio, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona, España. sgracia@fundacio-puigvert.es

Actas Urologicas Espanolas
|April 13, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Urinary stone analysis using morphoconstitutional analysis, combining stereoscopic microscopy (SM) and infrared study (IRS), provides superior clinical information for urologists compared to other methods. This technique enables a clinically useful stone classification.

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Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Nephrology
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Urinary stone analysis methods vary in utility and suitability.
  • Standardized criteria for stone analysis are lacking.
  • This review focuses on morphoconstitutional analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and compare various urinary stone analysis techniques.
  • To highlight the clinical utility of morphoconstitutional analysis.
  • To present a classification of urinary lithiasis based on this method.

Main Methods:

  • Morphoconstitutional analysis combining stereoscopic microscopy (SM) and infrared study (IRS).
  • Review of existing literature on stone analysis techniques.
  • Analysis of clinical cases to demonstrate technique utility.

Main Results:

  • Morphoconstitutional analysis offers the most clinically relevant information for urologists.
  • Other techniques like chemical analysis, electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction have limitations.
  • A classification system for lithiasis based on morphoconstitutional analysis was developed.

Conclusions:

  • Morphoconstitutional analysis provides more comprehensive data than other methods.
  • This technique facilitates a clinically significant classification of urinary stones.
  • The findings support the routine use of morphoconstitutional analysis in clinical practice.