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Updated: Jun 2, 2026
Movement Retraining using Real-time Feedback of Performance
Published on: January 17, 2013
Time-varying behaviour, test-retest reliability and concurrent validity of lateral trunk lean and toe-out angles
Daniel J Bechard1, Trevor B Birmingham, Aleksandra A Zecevic
1Wolf Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Fowler Kennedy Sport Medicine Clinic, University of Western Ontario, Canada; Faculty of Health Studies, University of Western Ontario, Canada.
Abstract:
Lateral trunk lean over the stance limb and toeing-out are potential adaptive gait mechanisms that reduce knee joint loading. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the time-varying behaviour, the test-retest reliability and the concurrent validity of lateral trunk lean angle and toe-out angle during prolonged walking in healthy adults. Twenty healthy volunteers (51±8 years, 12 females) completed two test sessions at least 24h apart but within the same week. For each participant, at each session, three-dimensional gait kinematics were assessed intermittently during 60min of treadmill walking. Additionally, over-ground three-dimensional gait analysis was performed immediately before and after the treadmill walking. Maximum lateral trunk lean angle and maximum toe-out angle did not change over time (p>0.05), were consistent from day to day (test-retest reliability: ICC=0.61-0.72 and 0.90-0.95, respectively) and were consistent with over-ground measures (concurrent validity: ICC=0.88 and 0.92, respectively). These findings suggest that lateral trunk lean angle and toe-out angle are consistent during prolonged walking and that these measures are reliable and valid for use in studying adaptive gait mechanisms.
