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Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...

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Isolating Central Nervous System Tissues and Associated Meninges for the Downstream Analysis of Immune cells
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Brainstem involvement in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.

Pawan Sharma1, Dileep Singh, Maneesh Kumar Singh

  • 1Department of Neurology, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India.

Neurology India
|April 13, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) typically affects the brain's parieto-occipital region. This case highlights rare, extensive brainstem involvement in SSPE, emphasizing the need for MRI awareness.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroimaging
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare, progressive neurological disorder.
  • Parieto-occipital brain regions are most commonly affected in SSPE.
  • Brainstem involvement in SSPE is infrequently reported and often associated with other brain lesions.

Observation:

  • A patient presented with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE).
  • Brain MRI revealed extensive brainstem involvement.
  • Minimal involvement of other cortical brain structures was noted.

Findings:

  • This case demonstrates extensive brainstem and cerebellar involvement in SSPE.
  • The MRI findings were atypical for SSPE, with limited parieto-occipital or other cortical region impact.
  • Brainstem signal changes on MRI can indicate SSPE, even without widespread cerebral involvement.

Implications:

  • Awareness of rare SSPE presentations, particularly brainstem and cerebellar involvement, is crucial for accurate diagnosis.
  • Neuroimaging findings of brainstem lesions should prompt consideration of SSPE, even in the absence of typical SSPE brain regions.
  • Timely diagnosis of SSPE is essential to prevent misreporting and guide patient management.