Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes01:28

Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes

Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are a superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases that play a pivotal role in Phase I drug metabolism by catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions.These enzymes transform lipophilic xenobiotics into more hydrophilic metabolites, facilitating subsequent Phase II conjugation and eventual excretion. The CYP450 family is classified into families (e.g., CYP1–CYP3) and subfamilies (e.g., CYP2A, CYP2C), based on amino acid sequence homology.CYP450 isoenzymes,...
Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

Genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism is crucial to the inter-individual variability observed in drug responses. Drug metabolism primarily involves the chemical modification of drugs and other xenobiotics to enhance their elimination by increasing their polarity. Two main classes of enzymes mediate this biotransformation process: Phase I enzymes, primarily cytochrome P450s, catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, while other enzymes, such as esterases, mediate hydrolysis, and Phase II...
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase01:11

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase

Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Transporters: P-Glycoprotein and Solute Carrier Transporters01:16

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Transporters: P-Glycoprotein and Solute Carrier Transporters

The pharmacogenetics of drug transporters is increasingly recognized as a critical factor influencing interindividual variability in drug absorption, distribution, and elimination. These membrane-bound proteins regulate drugs' movement across cellular barriers by actively pumping them out (efflux) or facilitating their uptake (influx). Among the major transporter families, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) transporters play particularly prominent roles. Genetic polymorphisms...
Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants01:27

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

The human genome is over 99.9% identical between individuals, yet genetic differences exist at millions of bases. The human genome contains approximately 3 million variant positions per individual, many of which are heterozygous, contributing to genetic diversity and individual traits. Genetic variations include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations (CNVs).SNPs, the most common variation, involve single-base changes in DNA. These can be...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The Saudi Thrombosis and Familial Thrombophilia Registry. Design, rational, and preliminary results.

Saudi medical journal·2009
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

A Method to Study the C924T Polymorphism of the Thromboxane A2 Receptor Gene
07:00

A Method to Study the C924T Polymorphism of the Thromboxane A2 Receptor Gene

Published on: April 1, 2019

CYP2C9 polymorphism studies in the Saudi population.

Jalal N Saour1, Atia W Shereen, Basil J Saour

  • 1Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, MBC 46, PO Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. jalal.saour1945@gmail.com

Saudi Medical Journal
|April 13, 2011
PubMed
Summary

The prevalence of CYP2C9 gene variations in Saudis is similar to Caucasians. Individuals with these CYP2C9 polymorphisms require less warfarin but face a higher risk of serious bleeding events.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

A Method to Study the C924T Polymorphism of the Thromboxane A2 Receptor Gene
07:00

A Method to Study the C924T Polymorphism of the Thromboxane A2 Receptor Gene

Published on: April 1, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacogenomics
  • Clinical Genetics
  • Thrombosis Research

Background:

  • CYP2C9 gene variants influence drug metabolism, particularly warfarin.
  • Understanding CYP2C9 polymorphism prevalence is crucial for personalized anticoagulation therapy.
  • Previous studies have indicated ethnic variations in CYP2C9 allele frequencies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To ascertain the frequency of CYP2C9 polymorphisms in Saudi individuals.
  • To compare these frequencies with other global populations.
  • To investigate the clinical implications of CYP2C9 variations in Saudi patients on warfarin therapy.

Main Methods:

  • DNA samples were collected from Saudi controls and patients with venous thrombosis or on low-dose warfarin.
  • CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 polymorphisms were genotyped using established molecular methods.
  • Clinical data, including warfarin dosage and bleeding events, were gathered through interviews and registry review.

Main Results:

  • The prevalence of CYP2C9 polymorphisms in Saudis (35.5%) mirrors that of Caucasians, exceeding Asian and African populations.
  • No significant difference in polymorphism prevalence was observed between controls and venous thrombosis patients.
  • Patients on low-dose warfarin with CYP2C9 polymorphism required 40% less warfarin and exhibited a higher incidence of bleeding (5% vs. 1.8%).

Conclusions:

  • The Saudi population exhibits a CYP2C9 polymorphism prevalence comparable to Caucasians.
  • CYP2C9 genetic variations are associated with reduced warfarin requirements and increased bleeding risk in Saudi patients.
  • These findings underscore the importance of pharmacogenetic screening for optimizing warfarin therapy in the Saudi population.