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Related Concept Videos

Small GTPases - Ras and Rho01:24

Small GTPases - Ras and Rho

Ras and Rho are small monomeric GTPases that act downstream of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and regulate various cellular processes. These GTPases switch between active and inactive states by binding to guanine nucleotides.
Three regulatory proteins control their activity:
GTPases and their Regulation02:14

GTPases and their Regulation

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins), also known as GTPases, are a superfamily of proteins that regulate many cellular processes, such as cell signaling, vesicular transport, and the regulation of cell shape and motility. Mutation or dysfunction of these proteins can lead to disease. There are around 40,000 known G-proteins that can broadly be classified into two groups ‒  small G-proteins consisting of a single domain and large multi-domain G-proteins.
Large G-proteins, also known...
GTPases and their Regulation02:14

GTPases and their Regulation

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins), also known as GTPases, are a superfamily of proteins that regulate many cellular processes, such as cell signaling, vesicular transport, and the regulation of cell shape and motility. Mutation or dysfunction of these proteins can lead to disease. There are around 40,000 known G-proteins that can broadly be classified into two groups ‒  small G-proteins consisting of a single domain and large multi-domain G-proteins.
Large G-proteins, also known...
Rab Cascades01:25

Rab Cascades

Rab GTPases act in a regulated cascade during membrane fusion, helping the lipid bilayers mix. The Rab family of proteins are active when bound to GTP, and inactive when bound to GDP. Hence, they act as guanine nucleotide-dependent molecular switches. Rab-GTP recognizes and binds to long or short-range tethering proteins to capture the target vesicle. These tethers coordinate with SNAREs on the vesicle and the target membrane to assemble the trans SNARE complex that locks the mixing bilayers.
Rab Proteins01:14

Rab Proteins

Rab proteins constitute the largest family of monomeric GTPases, of which 70 members are present in humans. Rab proteins and their effectors regulate consecutive stages of vesicle transport such as vesicle transport, docking, and fusion to the correct recipient membrane.
Rab proteins switch between a cytosolic, GDP-bound inactive state and a membrane-anchored, GTP-bound active state. By themselves, Rabs show slow rates of GDP/GTP exchange and GTP hydrolysis. Thus, Rab proteins are considered...
Assembly of Complex Microtubule Structures01:32

Assembly of Complex Microtubule Structures

Complex microtubule structures are present in resting cells and in dividing cells. In resting cells, they are responsible for maintaining the cellular architecture, tracks for intracellular transport, positioning of organelles, assembly of cilia and flagella. They mediate the bipolar spindle assembly for chromosomal segregation and positioning of the cell division plate in dividing cells. The formation of microtubule complex structures depends on the cell type, cell stage, and cell function.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration
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The GTPase Rem2 regulates synapse development and dendritic morphology.

Amy E Ghiretti1, Suzanne Paradis

  • 1Department of Biology and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA.

Developmental Neurobiology
|April 13, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Rem2 protein regulates neuronal development by inhibiting dendritic branching and promoting dendritic spine maturation. Its interaction with calmodulin is crucial for branching but not synapse development.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Rem2 is a small GTPase involved in synapse development.
  • Understanding Rem2's precise role in neuronal morphology is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the function of Rem2 in cultured hippocampal neurons.
  • To elucidate Rem2's role in dendritic branching and synapse formation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized RNA interference (RNAi) for loss-of-function analysis of Rem2.
  • Cultured primary hippocampal neurons for experimental manipulation.

Main Results:

  • Rem2 knockdown decreased dendritic spine density and maturity.
  • Rem2 inhibition increased dendritic branching without affecting total neurite length.
  • Calmodulin binding is essential for Rem2's regulation of dendritic branching, but not synapse development.

Conclusions:

  • Rem2 inhibits dendritic branching and promotes dendritic spine and excitatory synapse development.
  • Distinct and overlapping signaling pathways mediate Rem2's effects on branching and synapse formation.
  • Rem2 is a key regulator of neuronal structure and synaptic connectivity.