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Exon Recombination

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes.
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Transcriptome Profiling of In-Vivo Produced Bovine Pre-implantation Embryos Using Two-color Microarray Platform

Transcriptome Profiling of In-Vivo Produced Bovine Pre-implantation Embryos Using Two-color Microarray Platform

Published on: January 30, 2017

Protamine-1 represents a sperm specific gene transcript: a study in Callithrix jacchus and Bos taurus.

N Hecht¹, M C O Cavalcanti, P Nayudu

¹Department of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany. klaus.steger@chiru.med.uni-giessen.de

|April 14, 2011

Summary

Spermatozoa deliver protamine-1 (PRM1) transcripts to oocytes, crucial for early embryo development. These epigenetic marks, including acetylated histones, are vital for initiating gene expression in zygotes and embryogenesis.

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RNAi Mediated Gene Knockdown and Transgenesis by Microinjection in the Necromenic Nematode Pristionchus pacificus

RNAi Mediated Gene Knockdown and Transgenesis by Microinjection in the Necromenic Nematode Pristionchus pacificus

Published on: October 16, 2011

Area of Science:

Reproductive Biology
Epigenetics
Developmental Biology

Background:

Spermatozoa, though transcriptionally inactive, contain acetylated histones, suggesting a role in epigenetic inheritance.
Acetylated histones are believed to be transmitted to the oocyte, influencing zygote gene expression and early embryogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the presence of key transcripts in spermatozoa, oocytes, zygotes, and early embryos of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and cattle (Bos taurus).
To evaluate the role of specific transcripts in fertilization and early embryonic development, including protamine-1 (PRM1), protamine-2 (PRM2), histones (H1, H3, H4), CREM, DNMT1, and TBP.

Main Methods:

Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was employed.
Analysis was conducted on spermatozoa, oocytes, zygotes, and two- and four-cell stage embryos from both marmoset and bovine models.

Main Results:

Marmoset spermatozoa contained all tested transcripts; bull spermatozoa lacked PRM2.
PRM1 transcripts were detected in marmoset and bovine spermatozoa, zygotes, and early embryos, suggesting paternal contribution.
Specific histone and TBP transcripts were present across developmental stages in both species, with some variations.

Conclusions:

PRM1 transcripts are likely delivered by spermatozoa to the oocyte in both marmoset and bovine species.
These findings highlight the importance of paternal transcript contribution via sperm for successful fertilization and embryonic development.