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Related Concept Videos

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.
Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment01:22

Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment

Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is pathologically identified by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein. AD pharmacotherapy aims to manage cognitive symptoms, delay disease progression, and treat behavioral symptoms. The treatment is primarily symptomatic and palliative, with no definitive disease-modifying therapy available. Cholinesterase inhibitors, including donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne), are...
Drug Therapy01:28

Drug Therapy

The advent of drug therapy has profoundly shaped modern mental health care, providing targeted treatments for a range of psychological disorders. Psychotherapeutic drugs, classified into antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic medications, address symptoms across anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. While these medications have transformed patient outcomes, they require careful management due to their potential side effects and limitations.
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Modeling in Therapy01:26

Modeling in Therapy

Modeling, a key technique in therapy, uses observational learning to help clients acquire and practice new skills by watching therapists demonstrate desired behaviors. This approach, rooted in Albert Bandura's concept of vicarious learning, plays a significant role in therapeutic interventions for various psychological conditions, including social anxiety, ADHD, and depression.
Participant Modeling
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Adrenergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses01:30

Adrenergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses

Adrenergic agonists have diverse therapeutic uses across various medical conditions and emergencies.
Emergency and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) applications: Pressor agents increase blood pressure, heart rate, and contractility in shock and organ failure situations. Dopamine can induce vasodilation and stimulate adrenoceptors. Endogenous catecholamines are effective in treating cardiogenic shock. α2-agonists like clonidine can reverse anesthesia-induced hypertension.
Allergies and anaphylaxis:...
Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Release or Uptake01:21

Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Release or Uptake

Certain drugs can affect how neurotransmitters called catecholamines, are released or taken back up in the adrenergic neuron. They can have different effects on the body's sympathetic transmission. Reserpine, a natural compound found in the Rauwolfia shrub, blocks a transporter called vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT), which leads to a buildup of catecholamines in the cell and reduces sympathetic transmission. Another drug called guanethidine works in multiple ways, including blocking...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
10:02

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Published on: March 12, 2020

ADHD: current and future therapeutics.

David J Heal1, Sharon L Smith, Robert L Findling

  • 1RenaSci Consultancy Ltd, BioCity, Nottingham, NG1 1GF, UK, david.heal@renasci.co.uk.

Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences
|April 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stimulants like amphetamine are common ADHD treatments, but new research explores diverse mechanisms for better efficacy and fewer side effects. Understanding neurochemistry guides improved pharmacotherapy for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

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Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol
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Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
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Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol
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The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
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The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Published on: June 12, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Stimulants, including amphetamine and methylphenidate, are primary treatments for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  • Despite progress, unmet clinical needs persist in ADHD pharmacotherapy, necessitating alternative approaches.
  • Advances in understanding monoamine systems (dopamine, noradrenaline) refine ADHD treatment strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pharmacology of existing and emerging ADHD medications.
  • To provide a neurochemical rationale for drug efficacy and side effects using in vivo microdialysis data.
  • To discuss the translation of animal model findings to clinical outcomes in ADHD treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of pharmacological data for ADHD drug classes.
  • Analysis of in vivo microdialysis experiments to elucidate neurochemical mechanisms.
  • Examination of clinical outcomes and physician perspectives in ADHD pharmacotherapy.

Main Results:

  • Different drug classes exhibit varying specificities for dopamine and noradrenaline, influencing efficacy and side effects.
  • In vivo microdialysis provides neurochemical insights into drug actions.
  • Animal models offer predictive value for clinical responses in ADHD.

Conclusions:

  • A deeper understanding of neurochemical targets and mechanisms is crucial for optimizing ADHD pharmacotherapy.
  • Continued research into novel drug candidates and mechanisms is essential to address unmet clinical needs.
  • Integrating preclinical findings with clinical observations enhances the development of effective ADHD treatments.