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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Herpes

Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV‑1) is a widespread pathogen responsible for orolabial lesions. It is an enveloped, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus belonging to the family Herpesviridae. Once the virus infects a host cell, its double‑stranded DNA genome is delivered into the nucleus, where a coordinated cascade of immediate‑early, early, and late gene expression directs viral DNA replication, structural protein synthesis, and virion assembly. After primary infection of epithelial cells, HSV-1...
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Rabies

Rabies is a lethal zoonotic disease caused by a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of the Lyssavirus genus, within the family Rhabdoviridae. Its primary mode of transmission to humans is through bites or saliva-contaminated scratches from infected mammals such as dogs, bats, raccoons, or foxes. Transmission can also occur if infectious saliva contacts abraded skin or intact mucous membranes, including the conjunctiva.Viral Entry and Early ReplicationOnce introduced at the bite or scratch...
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Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection primarily caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), though herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is increasingly implicated in genital infections, particularly among younger populations. Transmission occurs mainly through sexual contact, with asymptomatic viral shedding serving as a major route of spread. This characteristic makes HSV-2 difficult to control at a population level, as individuals may unknowingly transmit the virus even in the...

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Herpes simplex encephalitis : from virus to therapy.

Flore Rozenberg1, Claire Deback, Henri Agut

  • 1Service de Virologie, CERVI, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.

Infectious Disorders Drug Targets
|April 15, 2011
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is a severe brain infection caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV). Early diagnosis via PCR and prompt acyclovir treatment are crucial, though novel therapies are needed due to potential resistance.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Herpes simplex virus (HSV) causes herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), a rare but severe neurological disease.
  • HSE pathophysiology is poorly understood, contrasting with the generally benign nature of other HSV infections.
  • HSV-1 is the most common cause, though HSV-2 is implicated in neonatal cases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of HSE, including its causes, diagnosis, and treatment.
  • To highlight the challenges in HSE management, such as unknown pathophysiology and potential acyclovir resistance.
  • To emphasize the need for developing new therapeutic strategies against HSV.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on HSV and HSE.
  • Discussion of diagnostic methods, primarily PCR detection of HSV DNA in cerebrospinal fluid.
  • Analysis of current and alternative treatment options, including acyclovir, foscarnet, and cidofovir.

Main Results:

  • HSE occurs in 2-4 cases per million annually.
  • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in cerebrospinal fluid is the gold standard for HSE diagnosis.
  • Acyclovir is the primary treatment, with foscarnet as an alternative; cidofovir's efficacy is uncertain.

Conclusions:

  • Despite advances, HSE remains a devastating disease with a poor prognosis.
  • The emergence of acyclovir-resistant HSV strains is a concern, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.
  • Further research into novel antiviral therapies is essential for combating HSE effectively.