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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Modeling Primary Bone Tumors and Bone Metastasis with Solid Tumor Graft Implantation into Bone
06:53

Modeling Primary Bone Tumors and Bone Metastasis with Solid Tumor Graft Implantation into Bone

Published on: September 9, 2020

Tumor-induced osteomalacia.

William H Chong1, Alfredo A Molinolo, Clara C Chen

  • 1Skeletal Clinical Studies Unit, Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Hatfield Clinical Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.

Endocrine-Related Cancer
|April 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome caused by tumors secreting fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). This review details TIO

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Models of Bone Metastasis
08:49

Models of Bone Metastasis

Published on: September 4, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Modeling Primary Bone Tumors and Bone Metastasis with Solid Tumor Graft Implantation into Bone
06:53

Modeling Primary Bone Tumors and Bone Metastasis with Solid Tumor Graft Implantation into Bone

Published on: September 9, 2020

Models of Bone Metastasis
08:49

Models of Bone Metastasis

Published on: September 4, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Metabolic Bone Disease

Background:

  • Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome.
  • Characterized by bone pain, fractures, and muscle weakness.
  • Caused by elevated fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) from mesenchymal tumors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of TIO.
  • To provide guidance for evaluating and managing patients with TIO.
  • To discuss novel imaging and medical treatments for TIO.

Main Methods:

  • Step-wise diagnostic approach using functional and anatomical imaging.
  • Functional imaging includes F-18 FDG PET and octreotide scintigraphy.
  • Anatomical imaging includes CT and MRI; selective venous sampling for FGF23 if needed.

Main Results:

  • FGF23 impairs renal phosphate reabsorption and vitamin D activation.
  • Leads to hypophosphatemia and low active vitamin D levels.
  • Diagnostic imaging is usually successful in locating tumors.

Conclusions:

  • Medical management with phosphate and active vitamin D is effective for unresectable tumors.
  • This review summarizes current understanding and future directions for TIO.
  • Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial for TIO patients.