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Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...

Primary Lymphoid Organs

Primary Lymphoid Organs

Primary lymphoid organs are pivotal in the formation, development, and maturation of lymphocytes, the white blood cells that serve as the backbone of our immune system. This crucial function underscores their fundamental role in maintaining our overall health and immunity. The two primary lymphoid organs of prime importance are the red bone marrow and the thymus.
The red bone marrow is a soft, spongy tissue nestled in the interior of long bones such as the humerus and femur. It is the site...

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Secondary organs, including lymph nodes, the spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), work harmoniously to protect us from disease and infection.
The spleen is a vital organ in the lymphatic system, nestled in the upper left side of the abdomen. It is composed of two primary regions: the red pulp and the white pulp, each having distinct functions. The red pulp performs a significant role in blood filtration. It efficiently purges the blood of old or damaged red blood cells and...

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...

Bone Marrow Sampling and Transplants

Bone Marrow Sampling and Transplants

Bone marrow transplant is a potential cure for several diseases, including cancer and specific genetic disorders. Notably, this procedure is applicable for patients suffering from aplastic anemia, certain types of leukemia, severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID), Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, thalassemia, sickle-cell disease, and certain cancers.
The transplant begins with high doses of chemotherapy and radiation treatment, which aim to destroy the...

Lymphoid Cells and Tissues

Lymphoid Cells and Tissues

Lymphoid cells and tissues are integral to the immune system, which is crucial in maintaining our body's defense against harmful pathogens. They form the building blocks of lymphoid organs, which include the spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes.
Lymphoid cells consist of various types of immune system cells. These include B and T lymphocytes, which are responsible for producing antibodies and killing infected cells, respectively. Dendritic cells act as messengers between the innate and adaptive...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Isolation and Transplantation of Different Aged Murine Thymic Grafts.

Isolation and Transplantation of Different Aged Murine Thymic Grafts.

Published on: May 13, 2015

Thymic and bone marrow output in patients with common variable immunodeficiency.

Federico Serana¹, Paolo Airò, Marco Chiarini

¹Department of Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.

Journal of Clinical Immunology

|April 15, 2011

Summary

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) patients show reduced T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) and kappa-deleting recombination circles (KRECs), indicating immune deficits. Quantification of TRECs and KRECs aids in understanding this complex immune disorder.

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Simultaneous Quantification of T-Cell Receptor Excision Circles (TRECs) and K-Deleting Recombination Excision Circles (KRECs) by Real-time PCR

Simultaneous Quantification of T-Cell Receptor Excision Circles (TRECs) and K-Deleting Recombination Excision Circles (KRECs) by Real-time PCR

Published on: December 6, 2014

Area of Science:

Immunology
Clinical Medicine
Molecular Biology

Background:

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a heterogeneous primary immunodeficiency characterized by impaired antibody production.
Understanding the underlying immune deficits in CVID is crucial for diagnosis and management.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate immune cell dynamics in CVID patients.
To quantify T and B lymphocyte mobilization and proliferation using novel molecular markers.

Main Methods:

A real-time PCR assay was developed to quantify T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) and kappa-deleting recombination circles (KRECs).
TRECs and KRECs were used to assess lymphocyte production and maturation, and estimate B cell divisions.
Flow cytometry analyzed T and B lymphocyte subsets.

Main Results:

CVID patients exhibited significantly reduced numbers of TREC(+) lymphocytes compared to controls, with variations based on age and gender.
KREC concentrations were also found to be lower in CVID patients.
Patients with conserved B cell maturation (MB2 group) showed reduced new B cell output but increased peripheral B cell divisions, resulting in higher B cell numbers.

Conclusions:

Quantification of TRECs and KRECs provides valuable insights into lymphocyte dynamics in CVID.
These markers can contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the heterogeneous nature of CVID.