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Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...

Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetic Nephropathy

Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration occur due to afferent arteriolar...

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.

Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Dilated cardiomyopathy, or DCM, is a progressive myocardial disorder characterized by ventricular chamber dilation and contractile dysfunction.EtiologyVarious factors can cause DCM, including hypertension and heavy alcohol intake, which contribute to the weakening and enlargement of the heart muscle. Viral infections, such as Coxsackievirus B, adenoviruses, and influenza, can lead to DCM by causing inflammation and damage to heart tissue. Certain chemotherapeutic agents, including daunorubicin,...

Diabetic Neuropathy

Diabetic Neuropathy

DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...

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Autoantibodies against zinc transporter 8 further stratify the autoantibody-defined risk for type 1 diabetes in a general population of schoolchildren and have distinctive isoform binding patterns in different forms of autoimmune diabetes: results from the Karlsburg Type 1 Diabetes Risk Study.

Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association·2020

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Prevalence and comorbidities of double diabetes.

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Autoantibody-defined risk for Type 1 diabetes mellitus in a general population of schoolchildren: results of the Karlsburg Type 1 Diabetes Risk Study after 18 years.

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[Comments on the 2013 ESC/EASD guidelines on diabetes, prediabetes and cardiovascular diseases].

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Modeling and Evaluation of Murine Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Model

Modeling and Evaluation of Murine Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Model

Published on: November 29, 2024

[Cardial target-organ damage in diabetes].

W Motz¹, W Kerner

¹Klinik für Kardiologie, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Greifswalder Strasse 11, Karlsburg, Germany. wmotz@drguth.de

|April 15, 2011

Summary

Coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus require interdisciplinary care. Metformin is the only antihyperglycemic with proven cardiovascular benefits, limiting endpoint-oriented treatment options.

Area of Science:

Cardiology and Diabetology
Interdisciplinary Patient Care

Context:

Coronary heart disease (CHD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) often coexist.
Arterial hypertension exacerbates cardiovascular risk in diabetic patients.
Diabetic coronary artery disease (CAD) presents with rapid progression and diffuse peripheral distribution.

Purpose:

To highlight the syntropic relationship between CHD and T2DM.
To advocate for interdisciplinary management strategies.
To review current antihyperglycemic therapies concerning cardiovascular endpoints.

Summary:

Interdisciplinary care is crucial for patients with both CHD and T2DM.
Coronary bypass surgery is preferred over percutaneous coronary stenting in severe diabetic CAD.

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Metformin is the only antihyperglycemic agent with documented cardiovascular endpoint reduction; thiazolidinediones (e.g., rosiglitazone) are associated with increased cardiovascular risk.

Impact:

Emphasizes the need for integrated cardiology and diabetology approaches.
Provides guidance on revascularization strategies for diabetic CAD.
Informs antihyperglycemic treatment choices based on cardiovascular safety and efficacy.